PAR Model

Question 1

What does PAR stand for?

Answer 1

Pressure and Release Model

Question 2

What does it do?

Answer 2

Looks at the underlying causes of a disaster that create vulnerability against the hazard event

Question 3

What leads to vulnerability?

Answer 3

Begins with root causes and through a series of processes called dynamic pressures which leads to unsafe conditions (progression of vulnerability

Question 4

Name 3 earthquake locations and the type of economy

Answer 4

Haiti- developing economy
China (Sichuan)- emerging economy
Japan- developed economy

Question 5

Haiti tectonic causes

Answer 5

Sits on a fault line between North American and Caribbean plate
It’s a destructive plate boundary

Question 6

Haiti social impacts

Answer 6

220,000 died
300,000+ injured
1.5 million homeless

Question 7

Haiti economic impacts

Answer 7

7% fall in GDP
$7.8 billion in damages
Majority of agricultural industries destroyed
Damaged transport made trade hard

Question 8

Haiti environmental impacts

Answer 8

19 million cubic metres of rubble and debris
Broken electricity cables started fire in woodland areas, destroying wildlife
Triggered flooding in costal areas
Many landslides occurred, destroying natural landscapes

Question 9

Root causes of Haiti earthquake

Answer 9

50% of population is under 20 years old
Corrupt government
Heavily in debt so repayed instead of improving infrastructure
80% in poverty (less than $2 a day)
40% of government budget was from foreign aid

Question 10

Dynamic pressures of Haiti earthquake

Answer 10

lack of urban planning
lack of disaster planning
lack of disaster management systems
rapid urbanisation (vulnerable housing)
lots of deforestation and soil degradation

Question 11

Unsafe conditions of Haiti earthquake

Answer 11

Only 39% have access to clean water
25% of people live in extreme poverty
Illegal housing was built in unsafe conditions

Question 12

What is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 12

Risk = (event x vulnerability)/ capacity to cope

Question 13

Sichuan, China tectonic casues

Answer 13

Caused by collision of the indian-australian and eurasian plates along the Longmenshan fault

Question 14

Sichuan social impacts

Answer 14

18,150 killed and missing
4,800,000 homeless
374,000 injured
900 students killed when middle school collapsed
80% of housing destroyed

Question 15

Sichuan economic impacts

Answer 15

$137.5 billion spent rebuilding affected areas

Question 16

Sichuan environmental impacts

Answer 16

Millions of livestock destroyed and agriculture was destroyed including 12.5 million animals

Question 17

Root causes of Sichuan

Question 18

Dynamic pressures of Sichuan

Question 19

Unsafe conditions of Sichuan

Question 20

Tohoku, Japan tectonic causes

Question 21

Tohoku social impacts

Question 22

Tohoku economic impacts

Question 23

Tohoku environmental impacts

Question 24

Tohoku root casues

Question 25

Tohoku dynamic pressures

Question 26

Tohoku unsafe conditions

Question 27

What are root causes?

Answer 27

Political and economic systems that control who is in power and access resources in a society

Question 28

What are dynamic pressures

Answer 28

Processes that arise from the root causes that lead to unsafe conditions

Question 29

What are unsafe conditions?

Answer 29

The end result of the dynamic pressures that affects the vulnerability of an area

Question 30

What are tectonic hazard profiles?

Answer 30

A technique used to try to understand the physical characteristics of different types of hazards. It compares the physical processes that all hazards share and helps decision makers to identify and rank the hazards that should be given the most attention and resources.

Question 31

What is a difficulty of a tectonic hazard profile?

Answer 31

The degree of reliability. Different types of hazards have different impacts and are hard to compare.