Papers Flashcards
Bourdieu (1986) definition social capital
A sum of mobilizable network connections with economic and cultural capital. Social capital is the outcome of investments in the build-up and maintenance of social relationships with an eye on expected future returns
Coleman (1988) definition social capital
Social relations that facilitate behaviour. The relationships that offer resources and the resources themselves fall under social capital.
Pichler & Wallace (2007) definition of social capital
Formal social capital is participation in formally constituted organizations and activities (and generalized trust). Informal social capital is social relationships with family, friends, neighbours and colleagues (with expected returns)
Popper (1972) definition social capital
Avoid endless debate about definition. It has to be falsifiable by testing, so make it operationalizable. True meaning not important, it should be a working definition.
Granovetter (1973)
Onderzoeksvraag: How do people find a job? Via what social relationships or via what kind of social capital?
Hypothese: the stronger the tie between A and B, the higher the chance that their networks overlap and they know mostly the same people
Bevindingen: most people find jobs via weak ties; people they sometimes or seldom see. These weak ties were mostly made through other strong ties, thus connecting different networks together
Definitie: briding ties are weak ties which connect networks and ties bonding ties are strong ties which are within a network
Burt (2004)
Onderzoeksvraag: How do brokerage positions produce advantages for the people in these kinds of positions?
Hypothese: people in positions near structural holes – gaps between networks – have more good ideas and are better paid than people in other positions
Bevindingen: Burt’s hypothesis was supported. However, he did not answer the question of how people achieved their positions > causality problem
Definitie: brokerage positions are people in but also between networks
Lin & Vaughn (1981)
Onderzoeksvraag: to what extent do social relationships have added value as a
resource for the occupational status attainment of a child, beyond the resources of the father?
Hypothese: The strength of the tie used in job seeking is negatively related to the occupational status one attains.
Bevindingen: Weaker social ties led to more social relationships with higher status persons. Social connections with higher status persons led to jobs with a higher status.
Lin (1999) three core propositions
social resources proposition = the higher the status of the contact person one has access to, the higher the occupational status attained
strength of position proposition = the higher a person’s starting position (parental resources), the greater that person’s access to social resources will be = homogeneity
strength of ties proposition = via weak ties, better social resources can be accessed than via strong ties
Christakis & Fowler (2007)
Onderzoeksvraag: to what extent does obesity spread from person to person via the informal social network?
Hypothese: Obese people seek each other out because of similarity (homophily principle). Alter has a real influence on ego (induction principle – physiological imitation). Both ego and alter are exposed to the same contextual conditions (environment is to blame)
Bevindingen: Ego’s weight is influenced by alters’ weight. The smaller the social distance, the greater ego’s likelihood of obesity.
Definitie: sour social capital is social capital which can have a negative influence
Huijts & Kraaykamp (2012)
Onderzoeksvraag: Does the amount of social capital in a country influence the social capital on individual level?
Hypothese: Accumulation hypothesis: high levels of social capital on (contextual level) are only beneficial for people with high levels of social capital. Compensation hypothesis: living in a context with a lot of social capital could be beneficial for people with low amounts of social capital.
Bevindingen: Compensation hypothesis was confirmed, but only for informal social capital and not for formal social capital.
Definitie: Formal and informal social capital like Pichler & Wallace
Putnam (1995) defenition social capital
First and foremost formal social capital, meaning membership in voluntary organizations
Putnam (2000) defenition social capital
Connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them
Ruiter (2008)
Onderzoeksvraag: to what extent is participation in civic organisations – formal social capital – influenced by contextual differences in the current social conditions – period effects – and social conditions during the socialisation phase – cohort effect?
Hypothese: social media use/social internet use decreases social capital (dystopian view)
social media use/social internet use increases
social capital (utopian view)
Bevindingen: social participation, formal social capital (membership and volunteer work), is greater among people who:
- Were socialised in a religious context
- Were socialised with limited exposure to television
Norbutas & Corten (2018)
Onderzoeksvraag: what is the relationship between network social capital and economic prosperity on the macro level?
Hypothese: Main hypothesis: Higher network density within a municipality is associated with higher economic prosperity of the community.
Diversity > many bridging ties to other communities relates to more economic prosperity
Distance > more geographically distant bridging ties to other communities relates to more economic prosperity
Modularity > more modularity (less bridging IN communities) relates to less economic prosperity
Bevindingen: Only the distance hypothesis was supported
Putnam (2007) core claims
In areas with greater diversity:
– lower confidence in government
– lower political efficacy
Formal social capital:
– less likelihood of working on a community project
– lower likelihood of giving to charity or volunteering
Informal social capital:
– fewer close friends and confidants
– less happiness
– more time spent watching television
