paper1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the natural fibres
A
cotton, linen, ramie, wool, silk, cashmere, mohair, angora
2
Q
what are the manufactured fibres
A
viscose, acetate, modal, tencel, lyocell
3
Q
what are the synthetic fibres
A
polyester, acrylic, elastomeric, chlor fibres, fluorofibres, PTFE
4
Q
what are the aramid fibres
A
kevlar and nomex
5
Q
what are the inorganic fibres
A
glass, carbon, metallic, ceramic
6
Q
what are the smart materials
A
reactive materials, thermochromic materials, photochromic dyes
7
Q
what are modern material
A
micro fibres, nanofibres, microencapsulated fibres and fabric
8
Q
what is cotton
A
most commonly used natural cellulosic fibre.
grow from seeds in a seed pod.
it is highly absorbent, soft, strong, biodegradable.
it is bad for the environment as it uses a lot of water, land and pesticides
9
Q
what is linen
A
one of the oldest textile fibres but use has declined since cotton
made from the stem of the flax
woody fibre
brittle and creases easily
10
Q
what is ramie
A
from the nettle family
fibres are 4-6 inches long
softer than flax.
doesn’t retain dyes well unless dry cleaned
strong for a natural fibre but lacks resiliency, elasticity,
resistant to mildew, insects and shrinkage.
11
Q
what is wool
A
a staple fibre that is highly crimped derived from sheep.
structure and properties depend on the type of sheep.
It is very insulating because of the scales on the fibres that trap air.
it is hydrophobic
12
Q
what is silk
A
a filament fibre excreted by the silk worm
high lustre and strength and is a luxury.
monofibre
13
Q
what is mohair
A
very resilient staple fiber obtained from the angora goat. resembles wool but is longer
14
Q
angora wool
A
staple fibre, comes form the coat of an angora rabbit. known for its soft fibres and silky texture. warmer and lighter than sheeps wool due to the hollow core of the angora fibre.
15
Q
what is cashmere
A
fine soft inner coat obtained frim the cashmere goat. fibres are extremely fine and soft
16
Q
what is viscose
A
a regenerated fibre
first man made fibre
made using dissolved wood pulp in sodium hydroxide and pushed through a spinneret that are different shapes for different fibres
chemically similar to cotton
properties: weak, high absorbency, breathable, poor elasticity, biodegradable and recyclable, cheap to produce and good drape.
17
Q
what is acetate
A
made from cellulose acetate
properties: moderately stiff, low absorbency, breathable, smooth, soft, crease easily, thermoplastic
18
Q
what is modal
A
a form of viscose fibres
improved wet strength and is abrasion resistant
it is soft to handle and has good drape properties. it is absorbent yet breathable
19
Q
what is lyocell
A
branded as tencel
like cotton but very eco friendly, high strength, absorbent, breathable, low shrinkage
20
Q
what are flurofibres
A
branded as teflon
used as a protective coating on fabrics
water repellent
stain resistant
flexible
durable
used in gortex
21
Q
what is chlorofibres
A
(PVC)
can be used as a protective coating on fabrics
water proof
strong
durable
always blended
22
Q
what are aramid fibres
A
group of high performance fabrics that include brand names
man made
nomex kevlar
23
Q
what is nomex
A
flame resistant
used in fire fighters uniforms
24
Q
what is kevlar
A
extremely high strength
used in bullet proof vests
25
what is polymide
synthetic fibre
also known as nylon
non absorbent
prone to static
very strong
very durable
easy care
dries quickly
crease resistant
thermoplastic
26
what is polyester
synthetic fibres
low absorbency
fast drying
easy care
strong
crease resistant
27
what is elastomeric/ elastane
branded as lycra
synthetic
always blended by using an elastomeric core and an outer covering of another fibre
adds stretch, comfort and crease resistance
28
what is acrylic
synthetic
soft
wool-like
warm
fast drying
strong
crease resistant
29
what are the inorganic fibres
glass
carbon
metallic
ceramics
30
what is glass fibres
strong
shatter proof
non stick
non toxic
used in aerospace and military uniforms
flame and heat barrier
31
what are carbon fibres
strong
lightweight
flame resistant
used for transport upholstery
rocket motors
protective clothing for military
used in the production of nanofibres
32
what are metallic fibres
aluminium, copper, steel, gold, used in decorative textiles
silver is used for antibacterial properties
33
what are ceramic fibres
resistant to high temperatures
used for heta proof mats and safety blankets
uv protective clothing and insulation against high temperatures
34
what is tensile strength
ability to resist breaking under tension
35
what is abrasion resistance
the ability to resist surface wear caused by the rubbing contact with another material
36
what is elasticity
the ability to be deformed and then return to its original shape when dorce is removed also crease resistance
37
what is absorbency
the ability to absorb and retain liquid
38
what is easy care
the ability to maintain the optimum appearance with the minimum effort when laundering
39
what is colour fastness
the ability to reatain dye during the manufacturing process and when washed or exposed to sunlight
40
what is electrostatic charge
the ability for static electricity to develop in fibres under exceptionally dry conditions
41
what is thermal insulation
the ability to trap air, preventing the transfer of heat through material
42
what is corrosive solvent resistance
the ability to withstand attack and decay from substances such as bleach
43
what is micro-organism and insect resistance
ability to withstand attack and decay from organisms such as bacteria and moths
44
what is flammability
the ability to burn and ignite causing a fire or combustion
45
what is thermoplasticity
the ability to become pliable and mouldable when heated, enabling textures and creases to be set and retained once cooled
46
what is formability
the ability to manipulate and deform fabrics without damaging them
47
what are the working characteristics of fabrics
tensile strength
abrasion resistance
elasticity
absorbency
easy care
colour fastness
electrostatic charge
thermal insulation
corrosive solvent resistance
micro-organism and insect resistance
flammability
thermoplasticity
formability
48
what are the aesthetic properties of textile
handle- how fabric behaves
drape- how fabric hangs under its own weight
lustre- refers to a textile materials ability to reflect light so it appears glossy
49
how to do a simple workshop test for flammability
-use precisely cut fabric samples and paper fuse
-light the paper fuse and use a stopwatch to see how long it takes the flame to reach a wire marker
-record the time and other predetermined observations
50
how to do a simple workshop test for crease resistance
- fabric is folded in half and placed between pieces of paper under weights
- take the weights off and leave the fabric to recover for 5 minutes then calculate the distances between the two ends
-record the result and repeat with other fabrics
51
how to do a simple workshop test for shrink resistance
-sew a coloured stitch or use a permanent marker to marker to mark an exact 10cm square
- make a control sample and wash all the remaining samples at 10 degrees more than the highest wash temp with lots of other fabric to mimic a full wash.
dry and iron sample
-work out the percentage shrinkage
shrinkage= distance before- distance after / original length x 100
52
how do do a simple workshop test for colour fastness
workshop test can replicate industrial tests for wash fastness
-smaples are sewn onto white fabric and washed for a predetermined time at an agreed temperature
the dried smaples are compared to a control sample and the white fabric is checked for staining
-reliable workshop testing for light fastness in fabrics is impossible
a prolonged perios of time is needed and light intensity cannot be controlled in the same way as a laboratory
53
how to do a simple workshop test for strength
hard to replicate in a workshop
impossible to achieve the large forces needed to break fabrics using basic tools and equipment- some observations can eb found though
-prepare same size sample
- make a small cut in the warp and a small cut in the weft aswell as the bias edges
-tear along the samples to see which tears easily and which fabrics require more force
54
how to do a simple workshop test for pilling
- fabric samples are stapled onto a wooden block
-glass paper is stapled onto a smaller wooden block
-the glass paper wooden block is rubbed all over the surface of the fabric to mimic wear
-the number of passes it takes for pills to start forming is recorded
55
why are industrial tests carried out
to ensure that a product complies with the designer's specifications and includes quality-control tests and quality assurance standards.
usually carried out in laboratories using specialist machineries and standardised tests
56
how to carry out an industrial test to see the minimum time for a flame to cause ignition
-prepare a fabric sample which is held vertically in a metal frame
- a small flame from a bunsen burner is applied for two seconds then three then four then six then eight until it catches
- the test is complete is the fabric burns for more than 1 second
57
how to test flame spread and flame behaviour
used on fabrics that have low flammability
-small flame is applied to a prepared sample and removed after ten seconds
-the duration of the flame and after glow are timed and any debris reorded
-the size of the hole burned into the fabric is recorded
58
how to test the rate of a flame spread
-large sample of fabric is placed in a metal frame
-cotton trip threads attached to timers are placed horizontally
-a small flame is applied and then removed after 10 seconds
-as each cotton trip thread is burnt through the timer will stop showing the burn distance and allowing the burning rate to be calculated
59
how to test the shrink resistance (industrial)
- fabric is overlocked to prevent fraying
-permanent ink is used to mark precise reference points on the fabric
- the prepared fabric samples are washed with pieces of polyester fabric to mimic a wash load
-the samples are dried
- remeasure to find the shrink percentage (negative percentage)
60
how to test for wash fastness 1 (industrial)
- sample are cut to an agreed size
-each sample is secured in a white fabric envelope and washed for a set amount of time at an agreed temperature
-the dried samples are then compared to the control samples changes in the colour and staining of the envolope fabric are assesed using grey scales. the best grade is 5 the worst is 1
61
how to test for wash fastness 2 (industrial)
- samples are cut to an agreed size
- a multi fibre swatch is sewn to the sample
- accelaerated washing is performed in cannisters placed in a machine called a launderometer
-grey scale cards and the control sample are used to evealuate chnages in the shade and the extent of the staining on each fibre
62
how to test for light fastness (industrial)
- samples are cut to an agreed size
-two thirds of each sample is enclosed in an opaque cover
-the uncovered area of the sample is exposed to intense artificial light generated by an Xenon arc light. the light is filtered to replicate the accelerated intensity of natural daylight through glass
-the area of the exposed sample is compared with covered part using greyscale cards
-
63
how to test tensile strength in woven fabrics (industrial)
- rectangular fabric samples are cut in a direction parralel to the warp and weft
- to ensure all yarns in the sample run along the entire length, the width of the sample is reduced to 5cm be reveling (removing) yarn from both edges
-the sample is stretched and the distance travelled is plotted, giving information on extensibility, yield point, maximium load and final breaking point
-the test is repeated with samples cut in the warp and weft directions
-non-woven fabrics are tested for strength, in the same way, using a strip of fabric that can be cut in any direction as non- woven fabrics have no straight grain
64
how to test the strength of knitted fabrics (industrial)
- a circle of knitted fabric is clamped over a rubber diaphragm
- air or water is pumped under pressure in a chamber below the sample fabric and rubber diaphragm
- the pressure is applied radially and is increased until the knitted fabric ruptures or bursts
- the pressure needed to rupture the fabric is called bursting strength
65
how to test for pilling (industrial)
Martindale machine test for abrasion and pilling
-circular samples of test fabrics are clamped onto one of the machine's four discs and weight is put onto each disc
-the test samples are rubbed against an abrasive fabric
-the machine controls and records the number of rubbing cycles
- the test samples are examined at at regular intervals for the presence of wear leading to pilling
- on completion, the samples are compared in a light box with a controlled sample.
66
What is cotton
most widely used natural fibre and it comes form the cotton boll of the cotton plant
67
properties of cotton
-breathable
-conducts heat away from the body
-absorbent
-non-static
-good strength
-very little elasticity
-creases easily
-highly flammable
-poor insulator
-comfortable and soft handle
-damaged by mildew and long sun exposure
-biodegradable
68
fabrics made with the cotton firbre
calico
terry toweling
muslin
flannel
voile
wincyette
chambray
poplin
denim
drill
gingham
madras
seersucker
corduroy
velvet
knitted jersey
velour
69
uses for cotton
shirts
jeans
dresses
socks
towels
sheets
medical dressings
nappeies
sewing threads
tents
sportswear
sails
70
how is the cotton fibre produced
-cotton grows in a bool around the seeds of a cotton plant
-harvesting is carried out
-the fibres are separated from the seeds using a process called ginning
-mechanical purification happens to remove debris
- fibres are scoured to remove natural wax coating
-the cotton fibres are spun
71
what is linen
one of the most expensive natural fibres
labour intensive so produced in small quantities and comes from the flax plant stem
72
properties of linen fibres
-absorbent
-breathable
-very strong
-poor elasticity, creases
-flammable
-poor insulator
-flat surface so has lustre
-poor drape
-stiff
-damaged by mildew, sweat and bleach
-biodegradable
73
fabrics made with linen fibres
crash, interlining, holland
74
uses for linen
summer or tropical garments
tablecloths
dish towels
bedsheets
awnings
art canvases
75
how is linen produced
the fibres are loosened from the flax stem by retting
the retted stems are crushed in scorching to separate the fibres from the wood outer bark
the fibres are combed to leave long fibres
the fibres are spun
76
what is ramie
oldest natural fibre. has a high cost means it is not widely used but sustainability means its becoming more popular
one plant harvested up to 3x a year
77
properties of ramie
-absorbent
-breathable
-doesnt shrink
-harder to dye than cotton
-naturally white
-strong
-poor elasticity- creases
-flammable
-poor insulator
-lustrous
-stiff and brittle
- resistant to mildew, light and insects
-bidegradable
78
fabrics made from ramie fibres
ramie
79
uses for ramie
lightweight summer clothes
table clothes
dish cloths
ribbon
sacks
twine
80
how is ramie produced
stems are harvested by cutting above the root
decortication happens to remove the bark of the stem
the raw fibres are washed, dried and degummed using chemicals to extract the spinnable fibre
the processed fibres are spun into staple yarn
81
what is wool
wool comes from sheep
fibres are classed due to their properties
staple fibres
82
properties of wool
-water repellent
-good moisture absorbency
-antistatic
-heat, moisture and mechanical action shrink and felt the fibres
-strong
- not very durable
-no lustre
- biodegradable
83
fabrics made from wool fibres
flannel
jersey
tweed
serge
fleece
tartan
84
uses for wool
coats
suits
trousers
sweaters
gloves
socks
blankets
carpets
lesuire wear
85
how are wool fibres produced
-shearing- sheeps fleece is removed once a year
-sorting- the longer fibres are separated from the shorter fibres and the short fibres are put through a woollen system to make jumpers etc
- carbonising and scouring- chemical process that removes vegetable matter and scouring washes the fibres to remove dirt
-carding- disentangles clumps of fibresand aligns them so they are parallel and condenses them into a continuous strand
-spinning
86
what is animal hair
expensive
include:
-angora
-mohair
-cashmere
87
properties of animal hair
-fire resistant
-thermal insulator
-soft, luxious
-biodegradable
88
fabrics made with animal hair
cashmere- soft, lightweight and much more insulating than wool
mohair- long, lightly curled, naturally elastic and crease resistant
angora- fine and lightweight, hollow core
89
uses for animal hair
luxury coats
suits
knitwear
luxury interior textiles
90
how is animal hair produced
- cashmere and angora- the fibres need to be washed and de-haired to remove the coarse guard hair before being spun into yarns.
-anfora goats are shorn once a year to collect mohair. fibres are processed like wool but extra care is taken
91
what is silk
comes from the cocoon of silk worms. vegans and animal rights activists see this as unethical because the moth is boiled and killed before the silk is harvested.
92
properties of silk
-high tensile strength
-absorbent
-weak when wet
-elastic
-doesnt burn easily
-warm
-lustrous
-comfortable
-drapes well
-weakened if exposed to sunlight and sweat
-biodegradable
93
fabrics made with silk
chiffon
crepe
crepe de chine
duchesse
organza
taffeta
94
uses of silk
formal wear
ties
lingerie
blouses
soft furnishes
bedsheets
surgical sutures
ribbons
95
how are silk fibres produced
silk worm produced the fibre when it pupates
to extract the fibre the cocoons are degummed by soaking them in boiling water
the long filament fibre is unwound
96
what are first generation fibres
acetate and viscose
97
how is acetate made
cotton fibre waste is dissolved into a polymer solution by treating it with a solvent
98
how is viscose made
wood pulp is dissolved into a polymer solution by treating it with a solvent
99
what type of spinning is acetate made with
dry spinning
100
what type of spinning is viscose made with
wet spinning
101
what is dry spinning
the polymer solution is extruded into a stream of warm air which evaporates the solvent and solidifies the filament fibres
102
what is wet spinning
the polymer solution is extruded into a chemical bath. the chemicals neutralise the solvent and solidify the cellulose
103
what are the new generation fibres
modal
lyocell (tencel)
104
how is modal made
wood pulp from sustainable sources is dissolved into a polymer solution using a solvent
105
how is lyocell made
wood pulp from sustainable sources is dissolved into a polymer solution using a solvent
106
what type of spinning is modal made with
wet spinning
107
what types of spinning is lyocell made with
closed loop system
108
what is a closed loop system
cellulose from the wood pulp is regenerated in a similar way to wet spinning but water is used to wash and remove the solvent. the water and solvent are recovered and used for the closed loop system
109
properties of regenerated fibres
-high absorbency
-shape can be changed using spinnerettes
-take dye and printing techniques well
-nonstatic
-easy care
-breathable
-low ability to trap air- so cool to wear
-ok resistance to creasing
-soft handle
-low resistance to damage from sunlight, bleach and microorganisms
-biodegradable and recyclable
110
information about first generation fibres
viscose:
-more absorbent than cotton and other regenerated fibres
acetate:
-lower absorbency
-prone to static
-more elastic than others but creases easily
-thermoplastic capabilities
- subdued lustre and elegant shape
111
information about new generation fibres
modal:
-streched more awhen spinning so stronger
-silky smooth, very soft handle and drape
lyocell
-strong
-doesnt crease
-biogradable and recyclable
112
what are the general charcteristics of synthetic fibres
- mostly manufactured using the melt spinning process
-cross section can be engineered to give different properties and characteristics
-coloured during manufacturing process
-filament fibres can be textured or cut up into staple fibres
-thermoplastic so can be heat set
113
facts about polymide
produces a continuous
filament fibre
textured or cut into staple fibres
114
propertes of polymide
-low absorbeny
-static
-strong and durable
-abrasion resistance
-good elasticity
-low flammability
-thermoplastic
-lightweight
-weakens in sunlight and chlorine bleach
-resistent to chemicals and micro organisms
115
uses for polymide
tents
umbrellas
carpets
116
what are aramids
technical textiles developed from polymide
kevlar
nomex
117
properties of aramids
-greater strength and durability
-stab and tear resistant
-fine and lightweight
-flexible
118
uses for aramids
bullet and stab proof vests
motor sport clothing
industrial work wear
119
what is polyester
produced in smooth continuous filaments
textured or cut into staple fibres
120
properties of polyester
-most commonly used
- very highthermoplasticity
-low flammability
-doesnt weaken in sunlight
-recycled
-good elasticity
121
what is polyester used for
a wide range of clothing
bed sheeting
lining fabric
wadding
122
what is acrylic
spun using wet or dry
mostly used as bulky staple fibres
123
properties of acrylic
-low absorbency
-prone to static
-strong
-sensitive to heat
-flammable
-elasticity is high- crease resistant
-good thermal qualities
-wool like handle
-poor lustre
124
what is acrylic used for
knitting yarn
knitwear
fake fur
carpet
soft furnishings
125
what are chlorofibres (polyvinyl)
used in staple or filament form or as a coating
126
properties of chlorofibres
-strong
-durable
-breathable
-good insulator
-PVC can be recycled
127
uses for cholorfibres
raincoats
showerproof coatings
thermal clothing
active sports wear
socks and underwear
128
what are fluorofibres (PTFE)
used mainly as a coating
trade name- teflon
129
properties of fluorofibres
when it is applied to a fabric as a finishing the fabric is:
-water repellent and stain resistant
-easy care and less energy is needed to dry the fabric
-breathable and windproof
130
uses for flourofibres
protect fabrics
workwear
soft furnishings
shoes
131
what are elastometrics (elastane)
always used in the core of a core spun yarn and combined with another fibre
brand name = lycra
132
properties of elastomeric
-low absorbency
-easy care
-tear resistant
-durable
-fine and lightweight
-high degree of comfort as allows free movement
133
uses for elastomerics
1-2% in socks
15-20% as needed in swimwear and sports wear
134
what are organic fibres
they are not synthetic polymers but are included in the man made fibre classification
135
what is the source of glass (fibreglass)
powdered mineral compounds
136
processing method of glass
direct melt method is used to draw filament glass fibres from the molten mineral compound
fibres can be filament or cut into staple fibres
137
what are the properties of glass
-high tensile strength
-poor abrasion resistance
-high heat resistance
-unaffected by sunlight, chemicals and microorganism attack
-non stick and non toxic
138
uses for glass
insulation material in buildings
flame retardent fabric
hospital wall coverings
139
what is the source of carbon (graphite fibre)
carbon created by burning acrylic fibre
140
processing method for carbon
fibres are twisted together to form a yarn that can be used by itself or made into a fabric
141
properties of carbon
-strong
-lightweight
-abrasion and tear resistant
-flame resistant
-resistant to chemicals
142
uses for carbon
protective clothing
intelligent elctro-conductive fabrics for e-textiles
aeroplane interiors
production of nanofibres
143
source of metal
copper, aluminium and steel for common uses
titanium, gold and silver for special uses
144
processing method for metal
very thin layers of metal are laminated between clear film and cut length wise into clear strips
alternatively, metal is heated until it vaporises and deposits at high pressure on to polyester fibres
145
properties of metal fibres
-strong, abrasion resistant
-lightweight
-withstand high temps
-good conductor of heat and electricity
-antibacterial
-anti static
-stiff handle
-high lustre
146
uses for metal
decoraticve fabric trims
used to prevent build up of bacteria in sports clothes
conductive sewing thread in e textiles
147
source of ceramic
poowdered inorganic, non-metallic materials. carbon and sillicon are also classed as ceramics
148
processing method of ceramics
incorporated into synthetic fibres by coating them with ceramic particles or encapsulating them in the fibre
149
properties of ceramic
-resistant up to 1000 degrees +
-lightweight
-resistant to chemicals
-produces fabrics with uv protection
-heat deflection properties to regulate body temp
150
uses for ceramic
industrial work wear
swimwear
nano fibres
bioceramic fabrics
151
how can yarns be made
from staple fibers or filament fibers
using the twisting or winding process
152
what do low level twists produce
weaker, softer, bulkier yarn
its easier to form a raised nap
153
what do high level twists produce
stronger, smoother, denser yarn
too much twist will make the yarn crinkly
154
what does tex mean
the metric system used to state the thickness of yarn
155
what does dernier mean
a measure of thickness used for all filaments of yarn
higher the dernier, the thicker the yarn
156
what is a staple yarn
yarns made with staple fibres
staple yarns are hairy and give fabrics a soft and fuller handle
good insulators
weaker than filament and more expensive to manufacture
157
whats a filament yarn
smoother and more regular than staple yarns
give fabric more compact handle
high degree of lustre but doesn't insulate
158
what are single yarns
also called one ply
a continous single thread of twisted staple or filament fiber, or monofilamnet grouped together but not twisted
159
what are plied yarns
made by twisting two or more single yarns together
twisting the yarns together in the opposite direction
achieves uniform thickness and strength
160
what are core spun yarns
multicomponent yarns
they have a filament core and a sheath made form either filament or staple yarn
161
methods of core spinning
- twisting a sheath of staple or filament yarn around a filament core made from a different fiber
- making a core yarn with an elastane fiber, the elastane filament is stretched and then covered in a sheath of non elastic fibers. the sheathed yarns are wrapped in the opposite direction to balance the core spun yarn
162
what are textured yarns
adds interest and bulk to yarns
most rely on thermoplasticity os man made fibers
163
methods of texturing yarns
- false twist texturing- smooth thermoplastic filament yarn is tightly twisted, heat set and then untwisted
- airjet texturing- doesn't depend in thermoplastic properties. jet of air creates loops and tangles
164
what are fancy yarns
change the appearance and handle of fabrics by adding irregularities and other effects using special spinning process
usually have core, binder and effect yarn
can provide multicolour effects by mixing fibres dyed different colours or plying different coloured yarns
165
what is boucle yarn
fancy yarn
looped effect yar can add colour and give a bumpy feel to woven or knitted fabrics
166
what is slub yarn
fancy yarn
made by changing the spinning speed at irregular intervals to produce yarn with thicker and thinner sections. gives uneven texture texture similar to fabrics made from linen
167
what is chenille yarn
made by weaving and then cutting an open net type fabric into strips. cut fibres jut out around the central core giving fabrics a fuzzy, bulky and soft appearance
168
what are metallised yarns
an iridescent effect and is used to make fabrics such as lame and brocades
169
why do you blend and mix yarns
to combine properties and create a fibre with specific properties for use
170
how are yarn blends achieved
spinning two or more different fibres together to make a yarn
staple yarns need to be the same length
171
how are mix fabrics made
using different fibres in the warp and the weft
172
what are the main performance reasons for blending yarns
- to make a fabric stronger and more abrasion resistant
- to make a fabric more easy to care for and less prone to shrinking and creasing
- to give improved comfort and absorbency
- to give thermo plastic qualities
173
what are the main aesthetic appearance reasons for blending yarns
- to improve the texture and handle of a fabric
- to give a novelty effect (dye)
- to give improved color and lustre
174
what are the main additional advantages for blending yarns (not including performance and appearance)
- reduces costs if cheaper fibre is used
- allows for quicker washing and drying times which is better for the environment
175
disadvantages fir blending yarns
- polyester and cotton blends burn fiercly at high temperatures and give off toxic fumes. cotton sets alight easily and holds the polyester in place which drips and burns
176
name popular yarn blends
-polyester cotton
-viscose and nylon
-wool and nylon
-cotton and lycra
-silk and polyester
-silk and cotton
177
different types of weave
plain
twill
satin
178
characteristics of plain weave
- simple and cheap
- strong
- plain, firm surface so good for printing
- same on both sides
- easy to incorporate dyes and fancy yarns
-
179
examples of fabrics and used for plain weave
broderie anglaise
calico
canvas
chiffon
winceyette
taffeta
voile
chambray
madras
organdie
poplin
used on shirts and sheeting
180
