paper two Flashcards
what is a skill?
a learned action to bring about the result you want from certainty and minimum effort
what is an ability?
an inherited, stable trait that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill
what are basic skills?
doesn’t need much thought or decision making
e.g running
what are complex skills?
needs lots of thought and decision making
e.g overhead kick in football
what are open skills?
performed in a changing environment - performer has to react and adapt to external factors
e.g football tackle
what are closed skills?
always performed in a predictable environment - not affected by external factors
e.g tennis serve
what are self-paced skills?
controlled by the performer - they decide when and how quickly it’s done
e.g tennis serve
what are externally-paced skills?
affected by external factors which control when it starts and how quickly it’s done
e.g marking opponent in netball
what are gross skills?
involves powerful movements performed by large muscle groups
e.g long jump
what are fine skills?
uses smaller muscle groups to carry out precise movements that require accuracy and coordination
e.g throwing a dart
what are performance goals?
based on improving your own personal performance
what are outcome goals?
focused on performing better than other people e.g winning
why are performance goals preferred over outcome goals?
it is generally accepted that outcome goals should be avoided as they rely on factors that cannot be controlled, eg other performers.
beginners prefer to avoid outcome goals because failure can demotivate/winning may be an unrealistic goal
what is the order of the 4 stages of the information processing model?
input
decision making
output
feedback
what happens in the input stage of the information processing model?
the information received from the display (your senses) via selective attention
e.g sees player throw the tennis ball high to serve
what happens in the decision making stage of the information processing model?
the selection of an appropriate response using the information ‘input’ and that stored in (long term) memory
e.g based on what you see and past experience, decide whether to move
what happens in the output stage of the information processing model?
information you send to your muscles to carry out the response
e.g move ready to return the ball
what happens in the feedback stage of the information processing model?
a review of your response; this can be from yourself (intrinsic) or others (extrinsic)
what are the 4 types of guidance?
visual
verbal
mechanical
manual
what are the advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance?
adv: works well for beginners - can copy, can be used with groups, draws attention to key points
disadv: can demotivate learner if too complex, needs to be accurate and clear
what are the advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance?
adv: works well for elite performers - gives technical info, can be used during performance, no equipment required
disadv: overload beginners with info, learners may lose concentration, some movements hard to explain
what are the advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance?
adv: teaching beginners - builds confidence, gives feel for whole skill, exterminates danger
disadv: performer could start to rely on it, proximity of coach may be upsetting
what are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
adv: teaching beginners - feel safe, helpful for complex skills
disadv: learner becomes reliant, feel of movement is different to actual movement
what are the different types of feedback?
intrinsic
extrinsic
positive
negative
knowledge of performance
knowledge of results
