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Biology Mock exam- paper one > Paper one > Flashcards

Paper one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogens

A

Microbes which can enter the body in anyways

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Small living cells that produce toxins and reproduce very quickly procaryote

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3
Q

Fungi

A

They can produce spores and penetrate human skin

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4
Q

A virus

A

It lives and reproduces quickly inside our cells, causing cell damage

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5
Q

Protists

A

eukaryotic cells that can spread through vectors

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6
Q

Hiv/ aids Symptons

A

Flu-like illness

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7
Q

Hiv process

A

Attacks the immune system for years until the immune system can’t deal with cancers

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8
Q

Hiv medication

A

Antiretrovial drugs

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9
Q

Causes for His

A

Spread through sexual interaction from an infected person

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10
Q

Measles Symptoms

A

Fever and a red skin rash, blindness and brain damage

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11
Q

Measles causes

A

Blindness and brain damage

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12
Q

Measles medication

A

No treatment, need to be isolated

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13
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

A wide spread plant pathogen affects ISO plant species

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14
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread

A

spread by contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants, insects act as vectors

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15
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus treatment

A

No treatment, farmers now grow TMV- resistant

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16
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus preventing the spread

A

Good field hygiene and good-pest control can prevent the spread

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17
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus symptoms

A

Mosaic patterns of discolouration on the leaves

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18
Q

Salmonella

A

A common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Can become contaminated by water or food.

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19
Q

Salmonella symptoms

A

Develops between 8-72 hours of eating infected food, fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

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20
Q

Salmonella treatment

A

No treatment, just wait for disease to go

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21
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

A sexually transmitted disease

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22
Q

Gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis

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23
Q

Gonorrhoea treatments

A

Antibiotics to gradually treat

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24
Q

Athletes Foot

A

Known as tinea pedis a common skin affection of the foot caused by fungus

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25
Q

Athletes foot symptoms

A

Itching, scaling, cracking and redness

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26
Q

Athletes foot causes

A

By an infected person or surfaces

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27
Q

Athletes foot treatment

A

Antifungal, terbinafine

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28
Q

Malaria

A

Life threatening disease, transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito

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29
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

High fever, profuse sweating

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30
Q

Malaria treatment

A

Chloroquine- can prevent by mosquito nets

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31
Q

Rose black spot

A

Most serious disease of roses caused by a fungus

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32
Q

Rose black spot symptoms

A

leaf markings from spring

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33
Q

Rose black spot treatment

A

Chemical fungicides

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34
Q

Hair and mucus

A

Contain pathogens

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35
Q

Skin

A

Water proof barrier

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36
Q

Stomach acid

A

Kills pathogens

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37
Q

White blood cells

A

Eats the pathogens, they produce anti bodies to neutralise the microbe
Also produce anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes

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38
Q

Palisade cells adaptions

A

Large vacuole which is restricted for chloroplasts to the layer near the outside of the cell which can then be reached by light more clearly

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39
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell or organism that contains a clearly defined nucleus. It has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus- the chromosomes are located

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40
Q

Nerve cell adaptions

A

Long in length which acts as an electrical insulator, speeds up the transmission. They contain a lot of mitrocondria which then provide the energy to synthesise neuro-transmitters

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41
Q

Magnification equation

A

magnifcation eyepiece x magnification of objective

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42
Q

Preparing biological samples for examination

A

To stain cells for examination with a light microscope.

To examine a range of cells and other structures with a microscope to understand their basic structure.

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43
Q

The Electron microscope

A

Use a beam of electrons instead of light rays

Two types: SEM, TEM

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44
Q

Animal cell parts

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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45
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.

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46
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activitie

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47
Q

Cell membrane

A

Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

49
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

50
Q

Plant cell parts

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane 
Mitrocondria 
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Cell wall
permanent vacuole
51
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
Cell wall

52
Q

cell wall

A

Made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

53
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

54
Q

prokaryotic cells.

A

Cells of bacteria

55
Q

eukaryotic cells.

A

Cells of animals, plants and fungi

56
Q

Sperm cell

A

Head of the sperm contains genetic information for fertilisation
Acrosome in the head contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate an egg
The middle piece is packed with mitochondria so it can have the energy to swim,

57
Q

Nerve cell

A

Nerve cell is extended so that nerves can run to and from different parts of the body when far away
Contains extensions and branches to communicate with other cells and muscles and glands
Has a fatty sheath which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulse.

58
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from a High to low concentration

59
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration

60
Q

Active transport

A

Substances being absorbed from a low to high concentration

61
Q

What do bacteria reproduce by?

A

Binary fission

62
Q

Intestine adaptions

A

Thin lining
Good blood supply
Very long
Large surface area

63
Q

Starch digestion

A

Complex carbohydrate, each molecule consists of many glucose molecules joined together

64
Q

Changing Ph

A

Ph at alkaline levels in the mouth and small intestine, but then Ph in the stomach is at acidic levels

65
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Helps to reduce water loss by evaporation

66
Q

Spongy layer cells

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cells

67
Q

Glucose

A

Stored in starch and stored into the roots

68
Q

Physical digestion

A

The breaking down of food from larger to smaller molecules

69
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that can be added to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed

70
Q

Absorption

A

Products of chemical digestion are absorbed into the body in the small intestine

71
Q

Sugars and amino acids

A

Pass into the blood stream through diffusion

72
Q

Ingestion

A

Food enters the mouth through to the digestive system

73
Q

Assimilation

A

Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used

74
Q

Mouth

A

where the food enters the alimentary canal and digestion begins

75
Q

Salivary glands

A

produce saliva

76
Q

Oesophagus

A

Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach

77
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular organ where digestion continues

78
Q

Pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes

79
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

80
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile before realising it into the duodenum

81
Q

Anti bodies kill?

A

Kill pathogens

82
Q

Painkillers disadvantages

A

don’t kill pathogens

83
Q

Anti bodies

A

used to identify Neutralise viruses

84
Q

Anti toxins

A

Like an anti body but are used to neutralise a specific toxin

85
Q

Osmosis practical

A

Investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue.

86
Q

Food test practical

A

Use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. To include: Benedict’s test for sugars, iodine test for starch and Biuret reagent for protein.

87
Q

Iodine test

A

Starch is detected using the iodine solution, turns blue-black in the presence of starch

88
Q

Reducing sugars Benedict solution

A

Reducing sugars is used by the Benedict’s solution

89
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

90
Q

Stomach

A

Pummels the food with its muscular walls, produces protease enzyme

91
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

92
Q

Gall bladder

A

Bile is stored before its released into the small intestine

93
Q

Large intestine

A

Where excess water is absorbed from food

94
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes- relates into small intestine

95
Q

Small intestine

A

Digested food is absorbed from digestive system into blood

96
Q

Rectum

A

Where the faeces are stored before they go to the anus

97
Q

Plants use glucose in 5 ways

A

Stored as starch, respiration, making amnio acids and oils, making cellulose and stored as fats

98
Q

3 factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Temperature, carbon dioxide and light

99
Q

Light

A

Light provides the energy needed for photosynthesis, as the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily up to a certain point- factors have become limiting

100
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

One of the raw materials needed for photosynthesis, as the carbon dioxide level increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a certain point

101
Q

Temperature

A

The enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperatures, if the plant gets too hot (40 degrees) The enzymes begin to denature

102
Q

Oxygen production in photosynthesis

A

The faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster the rate of photosynthesis

103
Q

light intensity equation

A

Proportional to 1 divided by distance squared

104
Q

Respiration

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

105
Q

Three examples of how organisms use energy transferred by respiration

A

Building up larger molecules into smaller ones, animals its used to allow the muscles to contract and in mammals and birds its used to keep their body temperature steadier in colder temperatures

106
Q

Metabolism

A

The rate of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body

107
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration using oxygen

108
Q

oxygen debt

A

Amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells

109
Q

Benign

A

The tutor grows until theres no more room, the tumour stays in one place (membrane) rather than invading and other tissues- not dangerous and not cancerous

110
Q

Malignant

A

Tumor grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues, cells can break off and spread to tiger parts of the body through the blood stream. They are dangerous and cancerous

111
Q

Risk factors of Cancer

A

Smoking, obesity, UV exposure and Viral infection

112
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Covers the whole plant

113
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Where most photosynthesis happens

114
Q

Spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cells

115
Q

Xylem and phloem

A

Transport water, mineral ions and food around the plant

116
Q

Epidermal cell adaptions

A

Covered with a waxy cuticle, helps to reduce water loss

117
Q

Upper epidermis adaptions

A

Transparent so the light can pass through to the palisade layer

118
Q

Palisade layer adaptions

A

Lots of chloroplast, near the top of the layer to get the most light

Biology Mock exam- paper one (1 decks)

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