Paper one Flashcards
Pathogens
Microbes which can enter the body in anyways
Bacteria
Small living cells that produce toxins and reproduce very quickly procaryote
Fungi
They can produce spores and penetrate human skin
A virus
It lives and reproduces quickly inside our cells, causing cell damage
Protists
eukaryotic cells that can spread through vectors
Hiv/ aids Symptons
Flu-like illness
Hiv process
Attacks the immune system for years until the immune system can’t deal with cancers
Hiv medication
Antiretrovial drugs
Causes for His
Spread through sexual interaction from an infected person
Measles Symptoms
Fever and a red skin rash, blindness and brain damage
Measles causes
Blindness and brain damage
Measles medication
No treatment, need to be isolated
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
A wide spread plant pathogen affects ISO plant species
Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread
spread by contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants, insects act as vectors
Tobacco Mosaic Virus treatment
No treatment, farmers now grow TMV- resistant
Tobacco Mosaic Virus preventing the spread
Good field hygiene and good-pest control can prevent the spread
Tobacco Mosaic Virus symptoms
Mosaic patterns of discolouration on the leaves
Salmonella
A common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Can become contaminated by water or food.
Salmonella symptoms
Develops between 8-72 hours of eating infected food, fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
Salmonella treatment
No treatment, just wait for disease to go
Gonorrhoea
A sexually transmitted disease
Gonorrhoea symptoms
Thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis
Gonorrhoea treatments
Antibiotics to gradually treat
Athletes Foot
Known as tinea pedis a common skin affection of the foot caused by fungus
Athletes foot symptoms
Itching, scaling, cracking and redness
Athletes foot causes
By an infected person or surfaces
Athletes foot treatment
Antifungal, terbinafine
Malaria
Life threatening disease, transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito
Malaria symptoms
High fever, profuse sweating
Malaria treatment
Chloroquine- can prevent by mosquito nets
Rose black spot
Most serious disease of roses caused by a fungus
Rose black spot symptoms
leaf markings from spring
Rose black spot treatment
Chemical fungicides
Hair and mucus
Contain pathogens
Skin
Water proof barrier
Stomach acid
Kills pathogens
White blood cells
Eats the pathogens, they produce anti bodies to neutralise the microbe
Also produce anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes
Palisade cells adaptions
Large vacuole which is restricted for chloroplasts to the layer near the outside of the cell which can then be reached by light more clearly
Eukaryotic cell
A cell or organism that contains a clearly defined nucleus. It has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus- the chromosomes are located
Nerve cell adaptions
Long in length which acts as an electrical insulator, speeds up the transmission. They contain a lot of mitrocondria which then provide the energy to synthesise neuro-transmitters
Magnification equation
magnifcation eyepiece x magnification of objective
Preparing biological samples for examination
To stain cells for examination with a light microscope.
To examine a range of cells and other structures with a microscope to understand their basic structure.
The Electron microscope
Use a beam of electrons instead of light rays
Two types: SEM, TEM
Animal cell parts
Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.
Nucleus
Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activitie
Cell membrane
Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.
Ribosomes
Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.
Plant cell parts
Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane Mitrocondria Ribosomes Chloroplast Cell wall permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
Cell wall
cell wall
Made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.
Permanent vacuole
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.
prokaryotic cells.
Cells of bacteria
eukaryotic cells.
Cells of animals, plants and fungi
Sperm cell
Head of the sperm contains genetic information for fertilisation
Acrosome in the head contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate an egg
The middle piece is packed with mitochondria so it can have the energy to swim,
Nerve cell
Nerve cell is extended so that nerves can run to and from different parts of the body when far away
Contains extensions and branches to communicate with other cells and muscles and glands
Has a fatty sheath which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulse.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from a High to low concentration
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration
Active transport
Substances being absorbed from a low to high concentration
What do bacteria reproduce by?
Binary fission
Intestine adaptions
Thin lining
Good blood supply
Very long
Large surface area
Starch digestion
Complex carbohydrate, each molecule consists of many glucose molecules joined together
Changing Ph
Ph at alkaline levels in the mouth and small intestine, but then Ph in the stomach is at acidic levels
Waxy Cuticle
Helps to reduce water loss by evaporation
Spongy layer cells
Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cells
Glucose
Stored in starch and stored into the roots
Physical digestion
The breaking down of food from larger to smaller molecules
Catalyst
Substance that can be added to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed
Absorption
Products of chemical digestion are absorbed into the body in the small intestine
Sugars and amino acids
Pass into the blood stream through diffusion
Ingestion
Food enters the mouth through to the digestive system
Assimilation
Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used
Mouth
where the food enters the alimentary canal and digestion begins
Salivary glands
produce saliva
Oesophagus
Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach
Stomach
Muscular organ where digestion continues
Pancreas
produces digestive enzymes
Liver
Produces bile
Gall bladder
Stores bile before realising it into the duodenum
Anti bodies kill?
Kill pathogens
Painkillers disadvantages
don’t kill pathogens
Anti bodies
used to identify Neutralise viruses
Anti toxins
Like an anti body but are used to neutralise a specific toxin
Osmosis practical
Investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue.
Food test practical
Use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. To include: Benedict’s test for sugars, iodine test for starch and Biuret reagent for protein.
Iodine test
Starch is detected using the iodine solution, turns blue-black in the presence of starch
Reducing sugars Benedict solution
Reducing sugars is used by the Benedict’s solution
Salivary glands
Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva
Stomach
Pummels the food with its muscular walls, produces protease enzyme
Liver
Produces bile
Gall bladder
Bile is stored before its released into the small intestine
Large intestine
Where excess water is absorbed from food
Pancreas
Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes- relates into small intestine
Small intestine
Digested food is absorbed from digestive system into blood
Rectum
Where the faeces are stored before they go to the anus
Plants use glucose in 5 ways
Stored as starch, respiration, making amnio acids and oils, making cellulose and stored as fats
3 factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature, carbon dioxide and light
Light
Light provides the energy needed for photosynthesis, as the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily up to a certain point- factors have become limiting
Carbon dioxide
One of the raw materials needed for photosynthesis, as the carbon dioxide level increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a certain point
Temperature
The enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperatures, if the plant gets too hot (40 degrees) The enzymes begin to denature
Oxygen production in photosynthesis
The faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity equation
Proportional to 1 divided by distance squared
Respiration
The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell
Three examples of how organisms use energy transferred by respiration
Building up larger molecules into smaller ones, animals its used to allow the muscles to contract and in mammals and birds its used to keep their body temperature steadier in colder temperatures
Metabolism
The rate of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body
Aerobic respiration
Respiration using oxygen
oxygen debt
Amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells
Benign
The tutor grows until theres no more room, the tumour stays in one place (membrane) rather than invading and other tissues- not dangerous and not cancerous
Malignant
Tumor grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues, cells can break off and spread to tiger parts of the body through the blood stream. They are dangerous and cancerous
Risk factors of Cancer
Smoking, obesity, UV exposure and Viral infection
Epidermal tissue
Covers the whole plant
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Where most photosynthesis happens
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cells
Xylem and phloem
Transport water, mineral ions and food around the plant
Epidermal cell adaptions
Covered with a waxy cuticle, helps to reduce water loss
Upper epidermis adaptions
Transparent so the light can pass through to the palisade layer
Palisade layer adaptions
Lots of chloroplast, near the top of the layer to get the most light
