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paper one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reaction that builds polymers?

A

CONDENSATION REACTION

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2
Q

reaction that breaks down polymers?

A

HYDROLYSIS REACTION

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3
Q

What bond is formed between two monosaccharides?

A

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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4
Q

what chemical is used in testing for reducing and non-reducing sugars?

A

BENEDICTS SOLUTION

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5
Q

which isomer of glucose makes up glycogen?

A

A-glucose

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6
Q

two groups of lipids?

A

TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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7
Q

which bond forms between glycerol and fatty acids?

A

ESTER BONDS

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8
Q

starch test?

A

IODINE

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9
Q

what bond is formed when two amino acids join?

A

PEPTIDE BOND

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10
Q

competitive inhibitor?

A

A NON-SUBSTRATE MOLECULES THAT FITS IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN ENZYME

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11
Q

Four bases that occur in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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12
Q

four bases that occur in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cystosine
Guanine

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13
Q

what type of bond is formed by the condensation of two nucleotides?

A

PHOSPHODIESTER BOND

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14
Q

structure of RNA

A

Short
polynucleotide chain
single strand

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15
Q

What base is complementary to adenine in DNA?

A

THYMINE

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16
Q

What base is complementary to cystosine in DNA?

A

GUANINE

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17
Q

Which base is complementary to uracil?

A

ADENINE

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18
Q

which ions determine pH?

A

Hydrogen ions

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19
Q

which ion is a component of DNA and RNA?

A

PHOSPHATE

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20
Q

what is ATP made up of?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate

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21
Q

function of mitochondrian?

A

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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22
Q

Transcription

A

-Protein synthesis
-DNA code for a protein remains in the nucleus during transcription
-mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesised during translation in the cytoplasm
-TO make the mRNA the double strand, DNA unzips

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23
Q

Translation

A

-Protein synthesis
-The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes
-Carrier molecules brings specific amino acids to add to the growing protein in the correct order
-If the sequence changes, a different protein will be made

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24
Q

function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Partially permeable so controls exchange between cells

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25
Q

Organelle that builds proteins?

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM

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26
Q

Cell organelle that makes lipids, steroids and some hormones?

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM

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27
Q

what type of cells are animal, fungal and plant cell?

A

EUKARYOTIC

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28
Q

what type of cells are bacteria?

A

PROKARYOTIC

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29
Q

what do plant cells have that are NOT present in animal cells?

A

CELL WALL
CHLOROPLASTS

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30
Q

what OTHER organelles to prokaryotes have?

A

one or more plasmids
one or more flagella

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31
Q

Magnification

A

the number of times greater the size of the image is than the size of the real object

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32
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two objects very close together

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33
Q

what is the limitation of light microscopy?

A

Magnification to 2000 x Resolution to 200mm

34
Q

which stain can be used to colour starch granules in plant cells ?

A

IODINE dissolved in POTASSIUM IODIDE

35
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Homogenise the tissue in cold buffer
Filter the resulting homogenise to remove large pieces of debris and whole cells
Ultracentrifugation at a very high speed

36
Q

why do cells need to divide ?

A

Repair of damaged tissues
Growth
Asexual reproduction

37
Q

Name of cell division in prokaryotes?

A

BINARY FISSION

38
Q

products of mitosis?

A

Two daughter cells that have same number of chromosomes as parent cell

39
Q

FOUR stages of MITOSIS in the correct order

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

40
Q

Mitotic index?

A

The ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in a population

41
Q

how are the phospholipids arranged in a membrane?

A

in a BILAYER
tails in centre and heads pouting outside

42
Q

functions of phospholipids in a membrane?

A

To be a partially permeable barrier

43
Q

where are extrinsic proteins found in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

On the surface or embedded in one layer

44
Q

Role of intrinsic proteins

A

Span the bilayer
Enzymes
Carrier proteins and channel proteins

45
Q

Role of glycolipids?

A

Cell recognition

46
Q

Role of glycoproteins?

A

Receptor sites
Adhere cells together in tissues

47
Q

Facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive movement of molecules across a membrane down their concentration gradient, using carrier proteins or channels

48
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane

49
Q

Active transport ?

A

Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient by a carrier protein, using energy from ATP.

50
Q

Antibody

A

Protein produced by a B lymphocyte / B plasma cell in response to the presence of a non self antigen

51
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule, usually a protein, that triggers an immune response

52
Q

Immunity?

A

The ability to resist invading pathogens

53
Q

Process where white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

54
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

The vesicle formed when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogenic microorganism

55
Q

monoclonal antibody?

A

A single type of antibody that has been isolated and cloned

56
Q

Active immunity

A

when immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies
LONG lasting

57
Q

Passive immunity

A

When antibodies are given to an individual
SHORT lived

58
Q

difference between HIV and AIDS

A

HIV- Virus that destroys t helper cells and weakens immune system
AIDS- set of conditions that occur as a result of a HIV infection

59
Q

Human gas exchange system

A

Trachea branches into bronchi to the lungs
Bronchi continues to branch into bronchioles
Bronchioles terminate as alveoli, where gas exchange takes place within the blood

60
Q

how do plants exchange gases?

A

Through stomata into air spaces in the mesophyll

61
Q

“hydrolysed” meaning ?

A

The molecule is split with the addition of water

62
Q

enzymes that hydrolyses carbohydrates ?

A

carbohydrases

63
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

emulsify lipids into droplets to increase surface area

64
Q

monoglyceride ?

A

A molecule of glycerol attached to one fatty acid

65
Q

Enzymes that hydrolyse lipids?

A

Lipases

66
Q

Structure and function of haemoglobin ?

A

QUATERNARY protein
FOUR polypeptide chains
FOUR haem groups which carry oxygen into the red blood cells

67
Q

how is the heart supplied with blood?

A

Via coronary arteries

68
Q

Role of the xylem?

A

Transports water from the roots to the stem and leaves in the plant

69
Q

differences between EUKARYOTIC DNA and PROKARYOTIC DNA

A

EUK- long, linear, with histones
PRO- short, circular, naked

70
Q

GENE

A

a section of a chromosome that codes for a polypeptide

71
Q

GENOME

A

the complete set of genes in a cell

72
Q

PROTEOME

A

complete set of proteins a cell is able to produce

73
Q

Codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for one amino acid

74
Q

INTRONS

A

NON- coding sections of a gene

75
Q

EXONS

A

coding sections of a gene that code for amino acids

76
Q

where does transcription take place?

A

NUCLEUS

77
Q

How does the mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

A

Through a nuclear pore

78
Q

DNA helicase role in transcription?

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs

79
Q

RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

matches up nucleotides to complementary bases in dna

80
Q

what do mutagenic agents do?

A

increase rate of gene mutation

81
Q

MAIN stages of meiosis?

A

meiosis i: two daughter cells
meiosis ii: four daughter cells

bio paper 1 (1 decks)

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