Paper 5 - Alternative to Practical Flashcards
17.2.5
Hardy-Weinberg equations
18.2.4
Lincoln index
18.2.6
Simpson’s index of diversity (D)
16.2.5
chi-squared (χ²) test
+ number of degrees of freedom
- used to test whether the difference between observed and expected frequencies of nominal data is significant
- commonly used in the context of evaluating the results of breeding experiments and some forms of ecological sampling
- will only be expected on one row or one column of data
v = c - 1 (where v is the number of degrees of freedom, and c is the number of classes)
sample standard deviation (s)
know how to use the formula given
standard error (SE)
know how to use the formula given
95% confidence intervals (95% CI)
know how to use the formula given, and what this quantity means
17.1.4
t-test
+ degrees of freedom
- data must be continuous and normally distributed
- variances of the populations should be equal
- the samples must be independent of each other
v = n1 + n2 - 2 (where v is the number of degrees of freedom and n is the sample size, or number of observations)
18.2.5
Pearson’s linear correlation (r)
+ degrees of freedom [not given]
- continuous data have been collected
- a scatter diagram indicates the possibility of a linear relationship
- the data are from a population that is normally distributed
- there are at least five paired observations, although ideally the number of paired observations should be ten or more
v = n - 2 (where v is the number of degrees of freedom and n is number of pairs of measurements)
18.2.5
Spearman’s rank correlation (rs)
- data points within samples are independent of each other
- ordinal data have been collected or the data that have been collected can be converted to an ordinal scale using ranking
- a scatter diagram indicates the possibility of an increasing or decreasing relationship
- there are more than five paired observations, although ideally the number of paired observations should be between ten and thirty
- all individuals were selected at random form a population and each individual had an equal chance of being selected
12.1.7
Describe and carry out investigations, using simple respirometers, to determine the RQ of germinating seeds or small invertebrates (eg. blowfly larvae)
12.2.13
Describe and carry out investigations using redox indicators, including DCPIP and methylene blue, to determine the effects of temperature and substrate concentration on the rate of respiration of yeast
12.2.14
Describe and carry out investigations using simple respirometers to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration
13.1.6
Describe and use chromatography to separate and identify chloroplast pigments (reference should be made to Rf values in identification of chloroplast pigments)
13.2.3
Describe and carry out investigations using redox indicators, including DCPIP and methylene blue, and a suspension of chloroplasts to determine the effects of light intensity and light wavelength on the rate of photosynthesis
13.2.4
Describe and carry out investigations using whole plants, including aquatic plants, to determine the effects of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
19.1.9
Describe and explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths
19.1.10
Outline how microarrays are used in the analysis of genomes and in detecting mRNA in studies of gene expression
P5
Understand the difference between a normal distribution and a distribution that is non-normal
P5
Understand the use of descriptive statistics to simplify data, including:
mean
median
mode
range
standard deviation
standard error
95% confidence intervals
