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Geography > Paper 3 - People and The Biosphere - Topic 7 > Flashcards

Paper 3 - People and The Biosphere - Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The biosphere is the living layer of earth

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2
Q

What is the biosphere between ?

A

The rocks (lithosphere) and air (atmosphere)

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3
Q

What is found in the biosphere ?

A

All plants and animals

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4
Q

What are the large regions that the biosphere is divided into called ?

A

Biomes

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5
Q

What is a biome ?

A

A large scale ecosystem with a distinc climate

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6
Q

What are the 9 main biomes ?

A 
Tundra 
Boreal forest (taiga)
Temperate deciduous forest 
Temperate grassland 
Mediterranean 
Hot desert
Tropical rainforest 
Tropical grassland (savanna)
Other biomes (Ice,mountains)
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7
Q

What is the vegetation like for the tundra ?

A

Grasses, lichens and dwarf shrubs; no trees

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8
Q

What is the vegetation like for the boreal forests (taiga) ?

A

Coniferous trees, e.g.pine

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9
Q

What is the vegetation like for the temperate deciduous forest ?

A

Deciduous trees, e.g. oak

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10
Q

What is the vegetation like for the temperate grassland?

A

Short or tall grasses with few trees

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11
Q

What is the vegetation like for the Mediterranean?

A

Evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs

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12
Q

What is the vegetation like for the hot desert ?

A

Cacti and succulents, but few of them

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13
Q

What is the vegetation like for the tropical rainforest ?

A

Evergreen trees growing all year round

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14
Q

What is the vegetation like for the tropical grassland (savanna) ?

A

Grass with some trees, e.g. acacia

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15
Q

How are the biomes distributed ?

A

In belts around the earth at different latitudes

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16
Q

What does latitude measure ?

A

How far north or south a location on the earths surface is from the equator

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17
Q

What is the location and characteristics of each biome determined by ?

A

Climate because it affects the growth of plants

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18
Q

How does temperature affect the growth of plants ?

A

Most plants need over 5 degrees Celsius to grow

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19
Q

How does precipitation affect the growth of plants ?

A

Plants need water to grow

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20
Q

How does light intensity affect the growth of plants ?

A

Affects photosynthesis so therefore plants cant grow as well

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21
Q

How does latitude influence biomes ?

A

Because latitude controls light intensity, temperature and precipitation

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22
Q

If the UK was totally natural what biome would we have ?

A

Temperature forest biome

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23
Q

What are local factors ?

A

Differences that alter animal and plant species in a biome from once we would expect

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24
Q

What are ecosystems ?

A

Localised biomes

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25
If the UK was totally natural what 3 local factors would affect our biome ?
Rock and soil type Water availability and drainage Altitude
26
How would our Rock and soil type affect our biome ?
When rocks undergo chemical weathering, they release nutrients and chemicals into the soil. Soils can be neutral, acid or alkaline depending on the rock type. The acidity or alkalinity of the soil will affect what can grow there.
27
How would our Water availability and drainage type affect our biome ?
Some plants can grow their roots in waterlogged and boggy soils. Other plants grow in drier soils The amount of precipitation affects the soil of an area The amount of evaporation affect soil of an area How permeable the soil is affects the soil of an area
28
How would our altitude affect our biome ?
Temperature drops 6.5 degrees Celsius every 1000m increase in height At high altitudes below freezing temperatures limits what plants can grow At high altitudes high precipitation often follows
29
What is altitudinal zonation ?
The change in ecosystems at different altitudes caused by alterations in temperature, precipitation, sunlight and soil type
30
What height is tree line ?
4000m it becomes too cold for trees to grow
31
What are the two parts that biomes are made of ?
Biotic and abiotic
32
What is the biotic part of a biome ?
The Biotic (living) part is made up of plant (flora) and animal (fauna) life
33
What is the abiotic part of a biome ?
The abiotic (non-living) part includes the atmosphere, water, rock and soil
34
Are dead animal and plants biotic or abiotic ?
Biotic as they were once living
35
How are biotic and abiotic parts linked ?
1 . Energy is provied for photosythesis of plants. This is provided by the suns energy 2. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen Animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Nitrogen is exchanged between the atmosphere, plants and soil 3. Energy flows along the food web from plants - herbivours - carnivores - detritivours and decomposers which consume dead plants and animals 4. Water moves through the soil, plants and animals and then is released back into atmosphere via respiration and evaporation 5. When plants and animals die they decompose into the soil 6. Weathering of rocks provides soil nutrients - magnesium, nitrogen
36
Why are places like the rainforest making 4-6 trillion dollers per year ?
As they provide goods and services
37
What are goods ?
Physical materials - timber from trees or fish
38
What are services ?
Functions that can make a benefit - add trees for more oxygen
39
What are the 4 catagories of ecosystem services ?
Provisioning services (goods) Regulating services Supporting services Cultural services
40
What are an ecosystem’s provisioning services (goods) ?
Products obtained from the ecosystem Food - nuts, berries, fish, crops Fuel wood Timber for buildings and other uses Genetic and chemcial material
41
What are the ecosystem’s regulating services ?
Services that link to other physical systems and keep areas and the whole planet, healthy Storing carbon, and keeps emitting oxygen, which keeps the atmosphere in balance
42
What are an ecosystem’s supporting services ?
These keep the ecosystem healthy so it can provide other services : Nutrients Photosythesis and food webs Soil formation
43
What are an ecosystem’s cultural services ?
These are benefits people get from visiting, or living in, a healthy ecosystem: Recreation Education and science Spiritual well-being and happiness
44
What is the role of an ecosystem ?
Maintaining a healthy atmosphere | - trees taking in carbon dioxide act as a carbon sink
45
What are indigenous people ?
the original/native people of a region
46
what is one example of the indigenous people ?
Efe people of the ituri tropical rainforest in the Congo basin of Africa
47
How many Efe people are there today ?
around 30000
48
How do the Efe people use the rainforest ecosystem for services to benefit them ?
use wood and leaves to make their houses use the wood from the forest to cook gather wild yams, mushrooms and berries to eat from the forest hunt monkey and antelope for bushmeat and also fish from rivers hunt the giant forest hog and sell its meat to other people in the region buy or trade items like pans or rice use plants and wild honey to make traditional medicines
49
Why are the Efe peoples houses small circular and built out of wood and leaves ?
houses are small circular and built out of wood and leaves - these are temporary as they move around the forest to hunt
50
define ecosystem services
the collective term for all the ways humans benefit from ecosystems
51
how does slash and burn aka shifting cultivation work ?
Farmers clear small areas of forest by cutting and burning the ash from burning adds nutrients to the soil the land is then farmed for 5-6 years, but after that the soil becomes infertile and farmers move to the next area of land
52
what percentage of the taiga is destroyed by human activity ?
around 7%
53
what percentage of rainforests are destroyed by human activity ?
about 17%
54
what percentage of temperate grassland is destroyed by human activity ?
about 67%
55
what percentage of temperate forest is destroyed by temperate forest ?
about 73%
56
what are some reasons that large are biomes cleared ?
commercial farming - for cattle ranching or to grow food like soy beans to be fed to cattle commercial crops - palm oil, cocoa beans or cereals mining metal ores - iron and copper deforestation - timber wood to make paper or furniture construction of dams and reservoirs for HEP and water supply to cities
57
what is the problem for biomes once they have been cleared ?
cant grow back
58
what are the benefits of commercial exploitation ?
provides profits for TNC's jobs are provided for people good income for government
59
what are the negatives/drawbacks of commercial exploitation ?
many ecosystem services are destroyed the areas that were once forest can no longer store carbon, prevent flooding or be used for recreation
60
what do humans depend on our biomes for ?
preventing flooding regulation of carbon dioxide levels keeping soil healthy to grow crops perform the hydrological cycle so we have clean water
61
what are carbon sinks ?
natural stores for carbon containing chemical compounds like carbon dioxide(CO2) or methane (CH4)
62
what is carbon sequestration ?
something storing carbon by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and locking it up in biotic material
63
what is the process of photosynthesis ?
carbon dioxide + water + (sunlight) --> glucose + oxygen
64
how do biomes store carbon ?
As biomass (leaves,branches,trunks,roots and animal tissue)
65
when plants and animals die the dead biomass ends up in the soil. what does this make the soil
an important carbon sink
66
how much carbon do biomes on land absorb per year ?
120 billion tonnes
67
what are ways that more carbon can end up in our atmosphere ?
Humans destroy biomes - through deforestation so biomes cant absorb as carbon dioxide biomass such as trees are burned, and soil destroyed, releasing their stored carbon
68
Nutrients cycle 1
Ans
69
N
A
70
N
A
71
N
A
72
What was the veiw of thomas malthus ?
Pessimistic - population will eventually grow so large that the planet will run out of food, water and energy and other resources, leading to crisis
73
What was the veiw of Ester Boserup ?
Optimistic - As population grows, humans invent new technologies to allow more food to be grown, and more resources to be supplied

Geography (6 decks)

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