Paper 3 history

Question 1

The traditional approach

Answer 1

Places the responsibility for the cold war on the expansionist policy of Soviet Union that had forced the USA to intervene.
Based thinking on lessons from 1930s
Relied heavily on public records as presented by western leaders
Power Politics

Question 2

Strand 1 of the traditional approach(Soviet expansionism)

Answer 2

USSR was paranoid and very cautious after immense losses in WW2 and failing to consolidate their security after their revolution in1917. Led them to seeking territory in Eastern Europe as a buffer to protect themselves which sparked the cold war

Question 3

Strand 2 of the traditional approach (Communist ideology, soviet expansion and world revolution)

Answer 3

Was motivated mainly by ideology- a desire to destroy capitalism and seek world communist revolution.

Question 3

Strand 3 of the traditional approach(Spoils of war)

Answer 3

What drove the soviets to expand wasn’t insecurity/paranoia it was simply the behaviour of any normal traditional great power. Historically superpowers in the world behave the same-they expand and exert their influence everywhere.

Question 4

The revisionist approach

Answer 4

suggest that American policies, including a desire to spread capitalism and democracy, caused the Cold War. The USA used military power to forge a world market dominated by American trade goods. The Soviet Union did nothing more in Eastern Europe than the United States
had done in Western Europe. In seeking to protect their security interests and
create a defensive protective buffer, the Soviets created a sphere of influence
in Eastern Europe. The Soviets had no option but to react to the United States,
viewing the U.S. as an aggressive imperial power determined to expand its
political and economic systems around the globe.

Question 5

Strand 1 of the revisionist approach(Economic imperialism)

Answer 5

Wanted to create a world friendly to capitalism. Financial aid was merely a front for the USA to promote capitalism abroad and for ulterior motives. The Soviets were willing to compromise but they made it harder to do so which drive them to conflict.

Question 6

Strand 2 of the Revisionist approach (The USA was an untrust worthy ally)

Answer 6

By delaying opening a second front during WW2 they made it clear that they can’t be trusted , wanted USSR weak.

Question 7

Strand 3 of the Revisionist approach(The nuclear bomb)

Answer 7

Bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima was to send a threat to the Soviets to deter their expansion. This triggered an arms race.

Question 8

Post Revisionist approach

Answer 8

The Cold war was inevitable and multicausal. Identifies areas of responsibility for the origins of the conflict on both sides or neither. Misunderstandings and mutual suspicions by both nations fuelled the conflict. Generally accept the interpretation of Stalin as a leader who was interested more in soviet security than world domination.

Question 9

Post- Revisionist approach 2

Answer 9

Argue that American leaders unsure of Stalin’s motivations, viewed the Soviet’s dictator’s actions in Eastern Europe as threat to their own political and economic objectives. Both countries in seeking to promote their country’s interests caused the cold war.

Question 10

Post -Post Revisionism

Answer 10

Focuses on Stalin’s role in creating conflict, Recognises mistakes made by the USA, might focus on ideology greatly, refer to soviet archives

Question 11

What to include in the introduction

Answer 11

Start with one fancy sentence. Say what school of thought is and why. Add a school of thought that it can’t be and why. Evidence from the extract as to why the author believes its a particular school of thought. Author’s approach is it( time-focus, nation-focus, tone, factor-focus, argument structure of historian) and add evidence. Main points from the extract and the overall message.

Question 12

How to write main body paragraphs

Answer 12

Clearly state what the historian’s idea is. Explain what the historian is trying to express through that idea. Support from the extract that backs up the historian. What approaches he uses, what historian alludes to or neglects to discuss. Finally link it to the main overall message of the extract.

Question 13

why was there hostility between the USA and the USSR since 1917

Answer 13

Because the Usa, Britain and France, Japan had an allied intervention in the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Whites who were supported by the West to prevent Bolshevism or rather a communist revolution from spreading.

Question 14

why did tensions increase in 1919?

Answer 14

Because of Com intern which was founded to unite all communist countries. To a great extent had been a manifestation of the Russian desire for a final solution to its civil war through world revolution

Question 15

The mutual suspicion between the West and the Soviets, particularly between the USA and the USSR only grew in the 1930s why?

Answer 15

USSR was not invited to the Munich Conference from the 29th to 30th of September in 1938 which had resulted in the Munich agreement this reinforced Stalin’s fears about the West working together with Germany against USSR, the signing of the nazi-soviet pact in august 1939 which secretly gave USSR eastern Poland if USSR and Germany invaded Poland

Question 16

The mutual suspicion between the West and the Soviets, particularly between the USA and the USSR only grew in the 1930s why? pt 2

Answer 16

territorial expansionist policy that USSR aimed for in October 1939 to June 1941 as Stalin signed mutual assistance pacts with Estonia and Latvia in October 1939, In March 1940 after a brief war with Finland USSR acquired the Hanko naval base. After the defeat of France in June 1940 during the Second World War Stalin seized the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and annexed Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, from Romania

Question 17

Conflicting aims of the USSR during 1941-1945

Answer 17

Stalin wanted security for the USSR and reparations from Germany and allies as they had suffered the most from German aggression and heavy casualties such as at least losing 20 million people by May 1945. He wanted to ensure that regimes friendly to USSR were set up. Wanted to get land annexed from Poland.

Question 18

Conflicting aims of the USA during 1941.1945

Answer 18

Political intentions were made clear in the Atlantic Charter between Churchill and Roosevelt they drew in August 1941.Wanted democratic world order to be under a future UN. Wanted an economic policy that would turn the world into one large free trade area. Decolonization of European colonial empires

Question 19

Conflicting aims of Britain during 1941-1945

Answer 19

In 1944 wanted to ensure the survival of Britain as an independent Great Power still in possession of its empire and remain on friendly terms with both USA and the USSR.Wanted a democratic government in Warsaw

Question 20

Moscow Foreign meeting October 1943

Answer 20

In an effort to reconcile the conflicting ambitions of their state, they agreed to establish the European Advisory Commission to finalise plans for the post war allied occupation of Germany.
Issued the ‘Declaration on General Security’. It proposed the creation of the UN to maintain global peace and security.
Stalin informed US secretary state Cordell Hull in secrecy that USSR would enter the war with Japan.

Question 21

Tehran Conference from 28 November to 1 December 1943

Answer 21

First time Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met to discuss post-war Europe, the future organisation of the UN and the fate of Germany: Stalin made it clear that he would claim all territories which the Ussr had annexed in Poland and the Baltic in 1939-40 and that Poland would be compensated with German territory.
When discussing future strategy of the war it was agreed that the USA and Britain would invade France by May 1944.

Question 22

The liberation of eastern and western europe.

Answer 22

In the liberated territories in both Eastern and Western Europe Stalin advised the local communist parties to form popular fronts or alliances with the liberal and peasant parties. Although communism was a strong force in Italy, France and Greece, it power was limited by the fact that they had been liberated by Anglo-American. In eastern Europe ,the Red Army gave vital protection to the local communist parties which eventually enabled them to seize power.

Question 23

The liberation of eastern and western europe.pt 2

Answer 23

Greece although there was a communist uprising in 1946 Stalin did not interfere as it recognised that it was in British sphere of interest. Finland was granted a surprisingly generous armistice by the soviets as Stalin wanted to convince Britain and USA that he was no longer planning a world revolution. The finnish communist party was also very weak there as well.

Question 24

Yalta Conference February 4th- 11th 1945

Answer 24

On the brink of Germany’s defeat Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt met for a second time at Yalta in the Crimea to discuss the future of Europe. Germany would be divided into four zones of occupation. The German capital, Berlin was to be divided into four zones, each controlled by one of the Allied powers. All countries freed from Nazi control were to be guaranteed the right to hold free elections and choose their own governments. However, Stalin was offered a ‘sphere of influence’ over Eastern Europe.
Confirmed eastern border of Poland would run along Curzon line.

Question 25

Postdam Conference

Answer 25

pOST