paper 3 flash cards
what is food security
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs.
what are the millennium development goals and food relation
eight goals, one being to eradicate hunger and poverty by 2015 number of undernourished people in developing regions halved. obstacles remain, e.g extreme weather, food and high energy prices.
what is the global hunger index
measures hunger at global, regional and national stales. Combines undernourishment, child eating, child stunting, child mortality , 2019, was 29 meaning serious. Four countries in Africa had alarming levels of hunger. 37% of counties were in serious.
other ways of measuring food security
Global food security index
most and least vulnerable- Africa has most countries which need improvement
examples of variation of food security within countries
East and west provinces- china
-9 of 31 provinces are food insecure. in these regions 60% consume less than the recommended target of grain products
urban areas- Accra, Ghana
- fewer than 15% if households involved in agriculture, only wealthiest classes can afford fruit and veg
physical factors required for growing food
temperature, light water, air and soil
temperature- too high and too low reduce yield, rice- requires temps between 16 degrees and 27 degrees tropical
light- photosynthesis
water- major determinant of crop productivity and quality , essential for germination of seeds and growth, used in photosynthesis, and transport of minerals
air- photosynthesis and respiration
soil- assimilation and water and mineral
what is waste food
an output of the food system
large environmental impact of deforestation for crops that will never be eaten, insuffienct means to transport and stock food can also cause obsoletion
what is arable and pastoral farming
arable is food crops, good quality soils
pastoral- livestock, areas unsuitable for arable farming, soils have limited fertility, often sustainable where carrying capacity of area is not exceeded
how has globalisation influenced the food industry
increased transnational flows of people, foods and information. World population growth also influenced demand for food, growth has been halted in LIDC like Sudan Ethiopia and Sahara where ut is hard to grow foods
what is the difference between shifting cultivation and sedentary
sedentary is when farmers remain in one place at all times on the sam eland
what is the difference between subsidence farming and commercial
subsidence is farming for their own consumption
commercial is for profit
what is the difference ebetween extensive and intensive far
extensive is large scale commercial, intensive is small scale with high labour or capital inputs
what are food miles
how far the food has travelled from producer to consumer, globalisation has increased the food miles supermarket food travels on average 2400 km, desires and food taste have increased this.
apples from USA 10,133 miles
implication on GHG.
however some cases where imports are less environmentally damaging e.g lettuces in Uk
what are the global value chains
patterns of trade and investment causing change from small scale to extensive farming
which country have had a lot of FDI by large TNCs
India, Brazil and Mexico. In Brazil large agribusiness firms account t for 62% of the value of agri production.
what is one of the main health problems that is increasing due to globalisation
obesity, more processed foods
case study on LIDC that has been impacted by globalisation on diet
Tonga-video notes:
9 of the top 10 countries for type 2 diabetes are in the pacificLarge scale migration, increased reliance on imported foods
Rising rates on non-communicable diseases.
-high fat content meats: corned beef, mutton flaps, dense simple carbohydrates- refined sugar and flour.
-infrastructure problems in health promotion, disease prevention and primary curative systems as areas of concern.
- Low cost and high availability
- Imported chicken parts were consumed most frequently.
- Most preferred foods were eaten less frequently.
- Respondents have knowledge on the nutritional value of the foods that they consume.
- Tonga has actively promoted diet-related health education programme,
Primary health concerns: diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
shift from low quality high quality wild meats to high fat low quality meats with low fibre.
- This is consequence of the development and associated urbanization,
- increases noncommunicable diseases.
- Low fat Tongan sources of protein cost 15% and 50% more than mutton flaps.
- This is the same for simple carbohydrates in contrast to local taro.
- Low economic standard of people living there.
- Most people used subsistence farming.
In Tonga there is a negative balance of trade, food imports are significant factors in both issues. Poultry is imported from the US and meats represented just under one third of imported goods. 1989 imports were valued at 68 million. In 1999 imports were imported at 116 millions.
Solutions: make tariffs more expensive
- More education of diets
- Challenging cultural values
- WHO advertise activities.
how many McDonalds outlets are there in Brazil
812
what are the reasons for the rise in obesity
Major expansion of TNC’s
-McDonald’s, and KFC, which are convenient for consumers
Price crises
-Food price index- monthly change of basket of basic food commodities.
price shocks- effect food prices, major international food crisis in parts of Africa like Nigeria in 2008 spiking prices.
opportunities created by globalisation
technological innvolvation, spreading of education about new farming methods and technology to EDC’s.
Increased food production.
GM crops
asian green revolution, high inputs of fertilisers and pesticides that bennefitted wealthy farmers, increased debt in rural population.
Also inequalities run tech like in Ethiopia which can’t keep up with coffee production and palm oil in Asia and South America,
Gm crops improve nitrogen efficiency
example of low cost tech
FDP fertiliser deep displacement, less nitrogen lost through run off, improves crop yield
vet africa- diagnose and treatment of livestock illness
examples of short term relief for food aid
syria, civil war 2011. 6.5 million people displaced and 6.6 million food insecure.
general: 25 million US dollar needed each week to meet basic needs of people affected by conflict
causes of inequality of global food insecurity
physical
types of soil- clay is acidic
temperature and growing season
rice has to be tropical between 16 degrees and 27. climate change is ,makeing it harder for some countries to grow crops
growing season as well
precipitation-coffee needs dry period before harvesting whilst maize needs high levels of precipitation.
India monsoon season
droughts
altitude abd aspect, northern hemisphere south facing sloped receive more sun
other factors affecting food security
Ac- capital intensive
LIDC- labour intensive- limits output
competition in food markets- growing retail chains has decreased competition in food markets.
concerns over prices paid to farmers particularly in LIDCS.
AC’s offer subsidies. causing food surpluses in ACls and low prices.
technological advancements can improve production, however AC’s are more exposed to this tech, small scale tech, drip irrigation and bore holes.
