PAPER 3 - Emergence and evolution of modern sport

Question 1

What are the characteristics of POPULAR RECREATION ?

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Answer 1

Natural 
Local 
Cruel
Occasional 
Courtly 
Rural 
Occupational 
Wagering 
Simple

Question 2

What are the characteristics of RATIONAL RECREATION ?

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Answer 2

Regional 
Codification 
Respectable 
Fair play 
Regular 
Exclusive 
Urban 
Amateurism 
Purpose built facilities
Control of Gambling

Question 3

What is POPULAR RECREATION ?

Answer 3

PRE-INDUSTRIAL sports and pastime mainly associated with the LOWER CLASS. Reflects the society, life and time in which it exists.

Question 4

PRE INDUSTRIAL : SOCIAL CLASS

Answer 4

2 classes

UPPER CLASS = sophisticated, complex rules, require time and money - real tennis, fox hunting

LOWER CLASS = simple, few rules, violent - mob football

BOTH = pedestrianism - lower class = competed, upper class = patrons (sponsor)

Question 5

Where did PEDESTRIANISM stem from ?

Answer 5

occupation of the lower class - footmen - make sure carriages didn’t overturn on the rough track

Question 6

What is PEDESTRIANISM ?

Answer 6

a form of nineteenth-century competitive walking

Question 7

PRE-INDUSTRIAL : GENDER

Answer 7

• women participated events
• shaped by the expected behaviour
• ‘weaker sex’
• LC = few rights

Question 8

What sports event did UC women compete in - pre-industrial ?

Answer 8

archery

Question 9

What sports event did LC women compete in - pre-industrial ?

Answer 9

smock race

Question 10

PRE-INDUSTRIAL : LAW AND ORDER

Answer 10

• not many formal laws

- LC = violent sports - bare knuckled fighting

Question 11

What did the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act create ?

Answer 11

modern police force through the actions of the Home Secretary - Sir Robert Peel

Question 12

PRE-INDUSTRIAL : TIME AND MONEY

Answer 12

UPPER CLASS:

• more time and money
• longer lasting events
• afford equipment / transport / facilities
• fox hunting

LOWER CLASS

• long hours labouring land
• confined to holy days
• short duration
• localised
• throwing contest

Question 13

PRE-INDUSTRIAL : EDUCATION

Answer 13

UPPER CLASS:

• educated
• understand rules of complex sports
• real tennis

LOWER CLASS:

• uneducated / illiterate
• mob football

Question 14

PRE-INDUSTRIAL : TRANSPORT

Answer 14

UPPER CLASS:

• horse and cart
• more opportunities
• longer lasting
• facilities

LOWER CLASS:

• no transport
• local
• short

Question 15

INDUSTRIAL : SOCIAL CLASS

Answer 15

• stronger divisions
• middle-class = factory owners
• middle class went to public schools

Question 16

INDUSTRIAL : GENDER

Answer 16

• restricted opportunities for women
• expected to marry and have children
• allowed to become teachers (low-paid job)
• however changed occurred due to war

Question 17

INDUSTRIAL : LAW AND ORDER

Answer 17

• development of laws
• change in laws = less violence in sport
• upper class held onto cruel sports
• laws made by upper class

Question 18

INDUSTRIAL : EDUCATION

Answer 18

• national system of education
• upper class didnt want middle class to be educated
• middle class wanted children to work to earn money
• Education Act 1870 gave rise to national system of education = establishment of elementary schools

Question 19

INDUSTRIAL : TIME AND MONEY

Answer 19

• employers realised benefits of sport
• saturday half-day introduced
• large factories would pay for annual excursion
• end of 20th century working hours = 37-40hrs

Question 20

INDUSTRIAL : TRANSPORT

Answer 20

• development of roads / bikes / railways
• allowed fixtures
• venues around the country

Question 21

What was the influence of PUBLIC SCHOOLS ?

Answer 21

• Thomas Arnold = house system
• athleticism (physical endeavour and morals)
• pupils went to university with their rules = melting pot
• 1845 = rugby rules written down