Paper 3

Question 1

Correlation experiment

Answer 1

-no manipulation of variables
-yields statistical results
-most common way is questionnaires or surveys

Question 2

Naturalistic experiment vs. natural experiment

Answer 2

Naturalistic: no manipulation of variables, observes behavior of participant in natural behavior

Natural experiment: the independent variable is naturally occurring, participants not randomly allocated

Question 3

Quasi-experiment

Answer 3

-Researcher manipulates independent variables and measures its effect of dependent
-Participants not randomly allocated to conditions instead placed based on pre-existing traits

Question 4

True Experiment

Answer 4

-manipulates IV and measures its effect of DV
-participants randomly allocated
-cause and effect established

Question 5

Structured interviews

Answer 5

-procedure highly controlled
-highly standardized
-set list of questions
-data gathered easy to analyze

Question 6

Unstructured interviews

Answer 6

-interview schedule only specifies topic and time
-open to the interests and motivations of interviewee and they can reveal more about themselves
-results may be more valid
-hard to analyze

Question 7

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 7

-looks like an informal conversation but interviewer follows a schedule
-open-ended questions
-interviewers can ask additional questions

Question 8

Focus groups

Answer 8

-group conversation 8-12
-has a facilitator
-conversation more natural than one-on-one
-listening to others may spark ideas and encourage conversation
-time effective
-conformity

Question 9

Questions 2: reporting and applying results

Answer 9

Justice & equitable treatment: prejudice against a group
Sound & valid methadology: people may take the findings in as fact
Deception: avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation
Reflexivity: aware of their own biases and how their findings may be used by others

Question 10

Generalizing quantitative

Answer 10

-ecological validity
-sample size
-representative nature of sample
-reliability and replicability
-how sample was chosen (bias?)
-ecological vs. internal validity (artificiality and highly controlled)

Question 11

Generalizing qualitative

Answer 11

-Transferability (representational, inferential (settings), theoretical)
-sampling bias

Question 12

Ensuring credibility

Answer 12

Credibility = validity

-limiting confounding variables
-high internal validity may compromise external validity