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IB Chemistry > Paper 3 > Flashcards

Paper 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lethal dose vs. toxic dose

A

LD50: amount/dose that kills 50% of the
population
Lethal - animal trails
Toxic- human studies

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2
Q

Therapeutic index in animal studies vs. therapeutic index in humans

A

Animals: amount that causes death
Human: toxicity amount

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3
Q

maximum bioavailability

A

Intravenous

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4
Q

State the meaning of the term therapeutic window.

A

range of dosages between effective level and toxic level

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5
Q

Suggest why a narrow therapeutic window may be a problem.

A

need close medical supervision

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6
Q

side-effects

A

undesired effects of drug

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7
Q

Advantage to oral drugs

A

easily taken

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8
Q

disadvantage to oral drugs

A

only small fraction of drug absorbed

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9
Q

List three methods, other than orally, that can be used for the administration
of a drug.

A

intravenous, skin patches, eye/ear/nose drops

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10
Q

Bioavailability

A

fraction of the administered dosage that reaches the bloodstream

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11
Q

Factor affecting bioavailability

A
  1. Method of administration
  2. Solubility of the drug
  3. Functional groups
    More polar and contains functional groups that can hydrogen bond to water will be more soluble in water- > higher bioavailability
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12
Q

Tolerance

A

repeated doses of a drug result in smaller physiological effects

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13
Q

Aspirin

A

mild analegesic

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14
Q

State other uses of aspirin

A

blood thinner, lowers risk of heart attacks

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15
Q

Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased

A

intravenous

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16
Q

How does penicillin combats bacterial infections

A

ring breaks and cells cannot reproduce

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17
Q

Consequence of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily

A

leads to resistance of bacteria

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18
Q

State how penicillin may be modified to increase their effectiveness

A

modify R group

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19
Q

Mild analgesics function

A

intercept the pain at the source by preventing the synthesis that causes pain

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20
Q

why is aspirin slightly soluble in water

A

Non polar @ benzene
Polar contains COOH

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21
Q

Difference in melting point compared to that of pure aspirin

A

sample is impure and fewer intermolecular forces

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22
Q

Opiates

A

strong analgesic

23
Q

opiates function

A

prevents the transmission of pain impulses n the brain (rather than at the source)

24
Q

why is codeine more widely used than morphine as an analgesic

A

codeine has a wider therapeutic window

25
Q

How can codeine be synthesized from morphine

A

react with methyl iodide

26
Q

Why are opiates addictive

A

gives a feeling of pleasure that a person craves and alters the structure of brain cells

27
Q

Why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier

A

diamorphine has ester and morphine has hydroxyl
diamorphine ester groups - less polar

28
Q

reagents used to prepare diamorphine from morphine

A

ethanoic/acetic anhydride

29
Q

Why is codeine available without a prescription in some countries while morphine is administered under strict medical supervision

A

morphine has a smaller therapeutic window

30
Q

SImilar functional groups in methadone and diamorphine

A

phenly

31
Q

Different function groups in methadone and diamorphine

A

ester

32
Q

withdraw symptom an addict may have

A

feeling depressed

33
Q

How prilosec regulates pH in the stomach

A

PPI prevent cid from traveling to stomach

34
Q

How zantac reduces stomach acid production

A

prevent parietal cells from producing acid

35
Q

histamine

A

a chemical transmitter that stimulates stomach acid production by binding at H2 receptors.

36
Q

way to reduce stomach acid secretion

A

block the histamine- H2 interaction

37
Q

H2 - receptor antagonists

A

drugs that prevents histamine binding to H2 receptors and triggering acid secretion

38
Q

PPI

A

directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach

39
Q

PPI

A

Proliosec

40
Q

Antacids

A

weakly basic compounds that neutralize the acid

41
Q

Antacids: Metal Hydroxides

A

Acid + Base -> H20 + Salt

42
Q

Anatacids carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates

A

Carbonate + Acid -> H20 + CO2 + Salt

43
Q

Potassium hydroxide also neutralizes hydrochloric acid . Can it be used as an antacid?

A

KOH is a strong base and any group 1 metal + base creates a strong base and strong bases can burn human tissue

44
Q

2 functional groups in zanamivir

A

ether, carboxyl

45
Q

Distinguish between bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria: is a single cell organism where virus is not
Virus: Lack cell structure where bacteria does not

46
Q

Antiviral

A

prevents virus from leaving cell (blocking neuraminidase)

47
Q

Two difficulties associated with the development off drugs for effective treatment of AIDS

A

HIV mutates
HIV detroyes helper T Cells

48
Q

How does tamiflu work against the flu?

A

blocks the neuraminidase enzyme, which prevents the virus from leaving host cell and so it cannot infect other cells

49
Q

Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)

A
  1. change cell membrane that inhibits the entry of virus into the cells
  2. prevents virus replication
  3. prevents viruses from leaving the cell (after reproducing)
50
Q

one difficulty with synthesizing tamiflu from star anise

A

low concentration in plant

51
Q

low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste

A

low radioactivity and exist for a short period of time

52
Q

environmental effect of antibiotics

A

resistance in bacteria

53
Q

how green chemistry can solve the environmental problems

A

use water as a solvent

IB Chemistry (2 decks)

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