Paper 3 Flashcards
Lab Experiment
- Conducted under highly controlled conditions (not necessarily a laboratory), where accurate measurements are possible
- The researcher decides where the experiment will take place, at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances and using a standardized procedure
Field Experiment
- Are done in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants
- The experimenter still manipulates the independent variable, but in a real-life setting (so cannot really control extraneous variables)
Quasi Experiment
- Participants cannot be randomly assigned to the independent variable
- The independent variable can not be randomly assigned because it is an innate difference of the participants themselves (eg. depressed versus non-depressed)
- Quasi-experiments are most likely to be conducted in field settings in which random assignment is difficult or impossible
Natural Experiment
- Are conducted in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants
- The experimenter has no control over the independent variable as it occurs naturally in real life
Correlational Study
- Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables
Questionnaire
- Written self-report technique where participants are given a pre-set number of questions to respond to
- They can be administered in person, by post, online, over the telephone, or to a group of participants simultaneously
Naturalistic Observation
- Overt vs covert
- Participant vs non-participant
- Enables researchers to experience particular phenomena
- Descriptive data provides insight into subjective experiences of subjects in naturalistic environment
Unstructured Interview
- Discussion evolves with no fixed questions
- Uncover and understand participants experiences with phenomena
- Flexible
- Open-ended questions
- Informal discussion / conversation
Semi-Structured Interview
- General areas of discussion
- Both open-ended and close-ended
- In-depth depending on responses
- Informal discussion / conversation
Survey
- Structured Q & A
- Close-ended questions
Focused Group Interview
- Multiple participants
- Interviewer as facilitator
- Interaction between participants
- Informal discussion / conversation
Opportunity Sampling
- Participants are anyone who is available and willing to take part in the study
- Quick and convenient
- Experimenter bias
- May be unrepresentative
Volunteer Sampling
- Participants self-select to become part of a study because they volunteer when asked, or respond to an advert
- No experimenter bias
- Slow and inconvenient
- May be unrepresentative
Random Sampling
- Entire population has an equal probability of being chosen
- No bias
- Slow and inconvenient
- May be unrepresentative
Purposive Sampling
- Participants participate because they share characteristics of interest
- May be recruited via advertising, referral, direct contact, snowballing
- Non-representative sample
- Experimenter bias
Snowball Sampling
- Amount of participants / sample size gradually increases as a small group of initial participants (seeds) invite others to participate
- Help in situations where its difficult to find participants i.e hidden populations
Ethics Applied in Study
Informed consent
Right to withdraw
Approval by ethics committee
Debriefing
Parental consent
Confidentiality
Researcher integrity
Ethics Reporting the Results
Anonymity
Disclosure of conflicts of interest
Right to withdraw
Ethics Applying the Findings
Why was the study conducted?
Who does the study help?
Replicability
Covert and participant observations
Cultural considerations
Generalizing / Transferring The Findings
Applying to a larger population
People = population validity
Situations = mundane realism
Environments = ecological validity
Transferability: applying the sample to different populations, places, situations
Triangulation
Sampling
Researcher bias
Credibility
Triangulation → researcher or methodological
Disclosure → biases, conflicts of interest, methods
Replication → consistency
Controls → validity
Bias
Own views, beliefs, opinions, personal objectives
Designing, collecting, analysing, reporting, applying
Resources
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OPBS0exl-lN8ggLN3f0wRj34n8gPrZPeoBfBJpUeY9A/edit
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fN8x8qWJ2XfRQC-AEdh16B-ZKEF_NEKplXVEovxqQCs/edit