Paper 3

Question 1

Field Experiment

Answer 1

1. one variable is manipulated, and other variables are not controlled
2. conducted in real-world environments and participants are often unaware they are being observed

Question 2

Experiment

Answer 2

1. One variable is manipulated to see whether it brings a change in the second variable
2. Other variables which may affect the DV are controlled allowing a cause and effect relationship

Question 3

Quasi Experiment

Answer 3

1. Participants cannot be randomly allocated
2. One variable is manipulated to see if it affects another variable

Question 4

Natural Experiment

Answer 4

1. IV is naturally occuring
2. Participants cannot be randomly allocated

Question 5

Correlational Study

Answer 5

1. No manipualted Variables and therefore no cause and effect relationship
2. Usually used when it is not ethical or practical to manipulate variables

Question 6

Observation

Answer 6

1. The observer collects data from participants in their natural environment without manipulation of the setting

Covert - participants are unaware of the observer
Participant - researcher becomes actively involved within the community/group
Non participant - researcher does not interact with participants

Question 7

Focus group

Answer 7

1. Participants generally share something in common and are interviewed together about the same topic
2. The researcher must ensure all issues are talked about

Question 8

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 8

1. Set questions but interviewer can deviate from these
2. Mostly open-ended questions
3. Casual and flexible

Question 9

Unstructured interview

Answer 9

1. No set questions and therefore interview is flexible and free
2. Direction of the interview is decided by the interviewer and interviewee

Question 10

Random sampling

Answer 10

Researcher selects members from the population randomly so every individual has an equal chance of getting selected

Question 11

Convenience Sampling

Answer 11

Participants are readily and easily accessible to researchers and allows researchers to collect data quickly and easily

Question 12

Volunteer Sampling

Answer 12

Participants nominate themselves to the researcher and are usually collected through advertisements and posters

Question 13

Purposive Sampling

Answer 13

Researchers choose participants to address a certain topic however this does limit generalisability

Question 14

Snowball Sampling

Answer 14

The initial participants identify eligible friends or family for the experiment however this limits generalisability

Question 15

Stratified Sampling

Answer 15

The population is broken into sub-populations and then randomly selected

Question 16

Ethical Considerations

Answer 16

CARDUD

Question 17

Generalisability/Transferability

Answer 17

Quantitative - Sampling method, sample size, ecological validity of experiment
Qualitative - transferred to another population, generalised to target population, generalised to a theory

Question 18

Credibility

Answer 18

Quantitative - internal & external validity
Qualitative - Triangulation (researcher, method, data), reflexivity (researcher - personal beliefs, opinions etc. and epistemological - sampling technique), check findings with researchers, use aggregate approaches (look at other studies)

Question 19

Avoiding bias

Answer 19

Sampling technique, reflexivity, triangulation, blind controls

Question 20

Types of generalisability

Answer 20

Representational - generalise findings to target population
Inferential - generalise findings to another population
Theoretical - generalise / apply to a theory or create a new theory

Question 21

Types of reflexivity

Answer 21

Researcher - personal beliefs, values, experiences, gender, etc
Epistemological - methodological (how data is gathered, knowledge of people?)