Paper 3 Flashcards
definition of biotech
use of a biological organism to generate a product for medical, industrial or agricultural use
three basic requirements of patentability
novelty, non-obviousness, industrial utility
lifetime of a patent
around 20 years
cost of goods
accumulated total of all costs used to create a product or service
what is humulin?
a recombinant human insulin protein
which product dominates pharm?
monclonal antibodies, followed by hormones, clotting factors, enzymes, vaccines etc
where are mAbs usually produced?
CHOs
early mAbs were produced in hybridoma cell lines
where is the current bottleneck for mAb production?
downstream purification
what is gene therapy technology
replacing/augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene
old adage
prevention better than cure
covid prevention, detection and treatment
- vaccine
- LFT, PCR, LAMP, sequencing
- mAbs, antivirals, dexamethazone - repurposing old drugs - normally used to treat comatose ppl
What did Oró discover in 1961
NAs can form spontaneously from HCN in water-ammonia systems under the conditions that are assumed to have existed on the primitive Earth
what has been suggested as the birthplace of life?
deep sea hydrothermal vents
was the primitive environment on Earth oxidising or reducing?
reducing
conservative mutation
letter changes but no change in function
which gene is used as the standard for classification and identification of microbes?
16S rRNA
what three main groups are cells classified into?
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
what is LUCA and LECA
last universal common ancestor, last eukaryotic common ancestor
when does a cell duplicate its entire genome?
when it divides into two daughter cells
ortholog, paralog and homolog
genes in two separate species from the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor
- related genes resulting from gene duplication within a single genome
- genes related by descent in either way
properties of eukaryotic cells
DNA in nucleus, larger, have a cytoskeleton, don’t have a tough cell wall, have mitochondria unlike prokaryotes
endosymbiont hypothesis
early anaerobic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryotic cell - new cell can live anaerobically and aerobically
could mitochondria have come from a purple photosynthetic bacterium?
maybe - mitochondria have similar size to bacteria, have their own DNA and ribosomes, have a double membrane
organotrophic
can use anything as food - sugars, amino acids, hydrocarbons, methane etc. e.g. E coli