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Ugc NET > paper 2 unit 7 > Flashcards

paper 2 unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

In Bandura’s social learning theory, what is the primary mechanism by which children acquire new behaviors?

A

Observational learning

Children learn by observing and imitating models (e.g., Bobo doll experiment).

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3
Q

Which component of Vygotsky’s theory refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and with guidance?

A

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

ZPD emphasizes the importance of social interaction and scaffolding in learning.

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4
Q

A child’s development is influenced by their parent’s workplace policies. This is an example of which system in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

Exosystem

The exosystem includes settings that indirectly affect development (e.g., parent’s workplace).

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5
Q

During which prenatal stage is the developing organism most vulnerable to teratogens?

A

Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)

Major organs and structures form during this stage, making it highly sensitive to damage.

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6
Q

What is the primary reason newborns show a preference for their mother’s voice?

A

Prenatal auditory exposure

Fetuses can hear and remember sounds (like their mother’s voice) during the last trimester.

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7
Q

A 2-year-old says ‘Want cookie!’ This two-word utterance is an example of:

A

Telegraphic speech

Telegraphic speech omits grammatical markers but conveys meaning (characteristic of toddler language).

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8
Q

Infants typically gain control of their shoulders before their fingers. This demonstrates which developmental principle?

A

Proximodistal development

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities.

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9
Q

How does Bronfenbrenner’s chronosystem differ from his other ecological systems?

A

It incorporates the dimension of time

The chronosystem accounts for how changes over time (e.g., historical events, aging) impact development.

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10
Q

Which nutrient deficiency during pregnancy is most strongly associated with neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

Adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy helps prevent spina bifida.

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11
Q

Two toddlers playing side-by-side with similar toys but not interacting are demonstrating:

A

Parallel play

Parallel play is common in early childhood and precedes more social forms of play.

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12
Q

According to Bandura, what determines whether an observed behavior is likely to be imitated?

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Bandura’s four conditions for observational learning to occur.

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13
Q

Which of Vygotsky’s concepts refers to temporary support that helps a learner accomplish a task?

A

Scaffolding

Scaffolding is adjusted based on the learner’s needs and gradually removed as competence increases.

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14
Q

A child’s microsystem according to Bronfenbrenner includes:

A

Immediate environments like family and school

The microsystem consists of settings where the child directly participates.

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15
Q

Which principle explains why infants can lift their heads before they can walk?

A

Cephalocaudal development

Development proceeds from the head downward to the rest of the body.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the placenta during prenatal development?

A

Exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus

The placenta acts as a life-support system throughout pregnancy.

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17
Q

Which reflex helps a newborn find a nipple for feeding?

A

Rooting reflex

The rooting reflex is triggered by touching the baby’s cheek and helps with breastfeeding.

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18
Q

A 3-year-old who believes everyone sees the world exactly as they do is demonstrating:

A

Egocentrism

Characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

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19
Q

Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages occurs during infancy?

A

Trust vs. mistrust

Infants learn whether their needs will be met consistently by caregivers.

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20
Q

According to Piaget, what is the hallmark of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Learning through senses and actions

Infants explore the world primarily through sensory experiences and motor movements.

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21
Q

Which parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands?

A

Authoritative

Authoritative parenting is associated with positive child outcomes.

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22
Q

What is the primary focus of information processing theories of development?

A

How children perceive, remember, and use information

Emphasizes mental processes similar to computer operations.

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23
Q

Which type of play is most characteristic of preschool-aged children?

A

Associative play

Children engage in similar activities and interact but without strict organization.

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24
Q

According to Kohlberg, at which stage is moral reasoning based on obedience and punishment?

A

Preconventional level (Stage 1)

Moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment in this earliest stage.

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25
Which principle states that development proceeds from general to specific responses?
Principle of hierarchical integration ## Footnote Simple skills develop first and are combined into more complex ones.
26
What is the primary developmental task of adolescence according to Erikson?
Identity vs. role confusion ## Footnote Teens explore who they are and develop a sense of self.
27
Which gland is primarily responsible for releasing growth hormones?
Pituitary gland ## Footnote Often called the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands.
28
According to Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what does secure attachment predict?
Better social competence and emotional regulation ## Footnote Securely attached infants feel confident exploring when caregiver is present.
29
Which theorist proposed that intelligence consists of multiple abilities rather than a single general factor?
Howard Gardner ## Footnote Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences identifies at least eight distinct types.
30
During which Piagetian stage do children master conservation tasks?
Concrete operational stage ## Footnote Typically occurs between ages 7-11 years.
31
Which prenatal diagnostic test examines a sample of placental tissue?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ## Footnote Usually performed between 10-12 weeks of pregnancy to detect genetic abnormalities.
32
What is the primary purpose of neonatal reflexes?
Ensure survival in early infancy ## Footnote Reflexes like grasping and rooting help with basic needs until voluntary control develops.
33
Which principle explains why identical twins raised apart may still show similarities?
Nature (genetic) influences ## Footnote Demonstrates the role of heredity in development.
34
According to Baumrind, which parenting style leads to the most competent children?
Authoritative ## Footnote Combines warmth and clear expectations with open communication.
35
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for emotional processing?
Amygdala ## Footnote Plays key role in fear responses and emotional memories.
36
What is the primary limitation of cross-sectional research designs?
Cannot assess individual change over time ## Footnote Compares different age groups at one point in time rather than tracking same individuals.
37
Which motor skill typically develops first in infants?
Lifting head while prone ## Footnote Follows cephalocaudal pattern - head control before trunk/limb control.
38
According to evolutionary psychology, why do infants prefer sweet tastes?
Sweetness indicates safe, high-calorie foods ## Footnote Evolutionary adaptation to seek nutritious substances.
39
Which type of memory develops first in infancy?
Implicit (procedural) memory ## Footnote Memory for skills and routines develops before explicit recall.
40
What is the primary function of myelin in neural development?
Increase speed of neural transmission ## Footnote Myelin sheath insulates axons for faster signal conduction.
41
Which factor is most strongly associated with secure attachment in infants?
Responsive caregiving ## Footnote Consistent, sensitive responses to infant needs promote attachment security.
42
According to dynamic systems theory, how do motor skills develop?
Through interaction of multiple systems ## Footnote Physical abilities, environment, and motivation all contribute.
43
Which cognitive ability emerges during Piaget's concrete operational stage?
Reversibility ## Footnote Understanding that actions can be reversed (e.g., pouring water back).
44
What is the primary difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation fits new info into existing schemas; accommodation changes schemas ## Footnote Two complementary processes of adaptation in Piaget's theory.
45
Which hormone is primarily responsible for puberty onset?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ## Footnote Triggers release of sex hormones from pituitary gland.
46
According to information processing theory, what is 'metacognition'?
Thinking about one's own thinking ## Footnote Includes knowledge and regulation of cognitive processes.
47
Which type of research design tracks the same individuals over time?
Longitudinal ## Footnote Allows study of developmental change but is time-consuming.
48
What is the primary developmental task of middle adulthood according to Erikson?
Generativity vs. stagnation ## Footnote Focus on contributing to future generations versus self-absorption.
49
Which factor is most crucial for successful aging according to socioemotional selectivity theory?
Emotional satisfaction ## Footnote Older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships.
50
According to Piaget, what is a schema?
Mental framework for organizing information ## Footnote Basic building block of intelligent behavior that adapts through experience.
51
Which prenatal factor has the greatest impact on fetal growth?
Maternal nutrition ## Footnote Adequate nutrients are essential, especially during critical periods.
52
What is the primary purpose of developmental screening tests?
Identify potential delays early ## Footnote Allow for timely intervention when problems are detected.
53
Which type of play involves creating imaginary scenarios?
Pretend play ## Footnote Emerges in toddlerhood and supports cognitive and social development.
54
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is characterized by:
Abstract principles of justice ## Footnote Moral decisions based on universal ethical principles rather than rules.
55
Which brain area is primarily responsible for executive functions?
Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Involved in planning, decision-making, and impulse control.
56
What is the primary cause of cognitive decline in late adulthood?
Changes in brain structure and function ## Footnote Includes neuron loss, reduced neurotransmitter levels, and slower processing speed.
57
Which factor is most important for resilience in children facing adversity?
Supportive adult relationship ## Footnote Even one stable, caring relationship can buffer against stress.
58
According to ecological systems theory, what is the macrosystem?
Cultural values and societal norms ## Footnote Broad ideological and institutional patterns that influence development.
59
Which motor milestone typically appears first?
Rolling over ## Footnote Usually occurs around 4-6 months, before sitting or crawling.
60
What is the primary focus of ethological theories of development?
Evolutionary basis of behavior ## Footnote Examines how adaptive behaviors promote survival.
61
Which concept refers to a child's ability to understand others' mental states?
Theory of mind ## Footnote Develops gradually during early childhood (e.g., false belief tasks).
62
According to information processing theory, what is 'automatization'?
Process where skills become routine ## Footnote Requires less conscious effort with practice (e.g., reading).
63
Which type of attachment is characterized by indifference to caregiver's presence?
Avoidant attachment ## Footnote Child shows little distress when caregiver leaves and avoids them upon return.
64
What is the primary developmental task of early adulthood according to Erikson?
Intimacy vs. isolation ## Footnote Forming close, committed relationships versus social isolation.
65
Which factor is most strongly associated with healthy aging?
Physical activity ## Footnote Regular exercise maintains physical and cognitive functioning.

Ugc NET (2 decks)

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