PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards
What is the narrow band approach ?
splits athletes into type a and type b personalities
What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?
- impatient
- intolerant
- high levels of stress
What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?
- relaxed
- very tolerant
- low levels of stress
Who are the two trait theorists ?
Eysenck and Cattell
Who created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire ?
Cattell
What does the trait theory suggest ?
- we are born with traits
- personality is fixed, consistent and predictable
What are some characteristics of someone with a STABLE personality ?
- doesn’t swing from one emotion to another
- unchangeable
- calm in competitive situations
What are some characteristics of someone with an UNSTABLE personality ?
- highly anxious
- unpredictable
What is the RAS ?
Reticular Articulating System
- determines if someone is an introvert or an extrovert
What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?
- low arousal levels so seek external stimulations
- lively
- sociable
- usually take part in team sports
What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?
- high levels of arousal
- don’t seek social situations
- quiet
- calm
take part in individual sports events
Who studied the INTERACTIONIST THEORY ?
Hollander (1971)
What does the interactionist theory suggest ?
- we are born with characteristics but most are modified by interacting with the environment
Describe Hollanders layered structure
behaviour = personality + environment
psychological core, typical response, role-related behaviour, social environment
What is the first layer of Hollander’s structure ?
PHSYCHOLOGICAL CORE
- where traits are stored
What is the second layer of Hollander’s structure ?
TYPICAL RESPONSE
- response given in situation
What is the third layer of Hollander’s structure ?
ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR
- typical response that may be affected by circumstances
What is the fourth layer of Hollander’s structure ?
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
- the environment affects role-related behaviour
Who studied the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ?
Bandura
What does the social learning theory suggest ?
- personalities change in situations
- we watch and copy those around us
Trait theory =
Social leaning theory =
Interactionist theory =
- Eysenck and Cattell
- Bandura
- Hollander
What is the ideal profile of mood state
- tension (low)
- depression (low)
- anger (low)
- fatigue (low)
- confusion (low)
- vigor (high)
What are humanistic theories of personality ?
- personal growth
- importance of free will
- importance of personal strength over weakness
Who are the two theorists in humanistic theories ?
Maslow and Roger
What does Maslow’s theory suggest ?
- need for self-actualisation
- studied exceptional historical figures e.g. Abraham Lincoln
What was the conclusion of Maslow’s research ?
people with good mental health had these qualities
- openness and spontaneity
- ability to enjoy work
- ability to develop friendships
- good sense of humour
What does Rogers’ theory suggest ?
- self-concept is the most important feature of personality
- people’s self-concepts don’t always match reality
What is INCONGRUENCE ?
the discrepancy between self-concept and reality
What is CONGRUENCE ?
a fairly accurate match between self-concept and reality
What are the consequences of incongruency ?
- anxiety when self concepts are threatened
- people will distort experiences to avoid threat
What is SELF-ACTUALISATION ?
the realisation of one’s talents, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone
What is the TRAID COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE ?
CAB
- cognitive element = beliefs
- affective element = emotions
- behavioural elements = behaviours
Describe the cognitive element (beliefs) of attitudes
- formed through past experiences
- learnt from parents / peers
- significant people influence beliefs
Describe the affective elements (emotions) of attitudes
- emotional reaction to something is determined by past experiences
- good experience = do it again
Describe the behavioural elements (behaviours) of attitudes
- behaviour isn’t always consistent with attitude
- believe something is good but don’t do it
What does Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggest ?
- all three CAB elements should be consistent for an attitude to be stable
How does Festinger believe an attitude is changed ?
you must experience two or more opposing beliefs - causes the individual to become uncomfortable - one belief must be dominant to feel comfortable again
What is PERSUASSIVE COMMUNICATION ?
method of changing an attitude depends on…
- person doing persuading
- quality of message
- characteristics of persuadie
What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
- internal drives to do well
- personal accomplishments
What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
- rewards / medals / money
- pressure from family / coach
What is the DRIVE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal are directly proportional
- P = H x D
What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?
- arousal and performance increase to an optimum point
What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal increase until a sudden drop
What is SOMATIC ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced physiologically e.g. sweating
What is COGNITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced in the mind e.g. worrying about failing
What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?
an emotional response of an athlete who reaches their optimum performance level
What is RAS ?
maintains our arousal levels
What is COMPETITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety felt during competitive situations
- see book for four major factors
What is SCAT ?
a self-report questionnaire to assess the anxiety felt during a competition
What is CUE UTILISATION ?
performer concentrating on certain cues that are relevant at that particular time
What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?
- aggression is a natural response due to evolution
- it is an instinct
What is the FRUSTRATION-THEORY HYPOTHESIS ?
- frustration will always lead to aggression
- aggression then leads to catharsis
What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY for aggression ?
- aggression is learnt by watching others such as sporting role models
What is ASSERTION ?
forceful behaviour within the laws of the game
What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?
- human aggression is often not spontaneous
- human aggression often learned
- too generalised
What are some problems with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?
- frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?
the positive influence of others, who may be watching a competition
What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?
the negative influence of others, who may be watching a competition
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?
when a performer feels their performance is being evaluated, their arousal levels increase
What is HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE ?
- teams win more when home
- home crowd
- known environment
contrast. ..
- performer feels more pressure being home
How does personality effect social facilitation ?
- type A perform worse with an audience
- extrovert seek high arousal situation so perform better with an audience
How do levels of experience effect social facilitation ?
- previous experience can aid performance unless an athlete previously failed in front of a crowd
- elite performers will do better because their dominant response will be correct
- crowd’s knowledge may increase evaluation apprehension
- knowing the crowd can increase anxiety
How does the type of skill effect social facilitation ?
- simple / gross do well with high arousal because they are easy to do
What are some strategies to minimise social inhibition ?
- try to shut out the audience
- mental imagery
- deep breathing
- self talk
What is ATTRIBUTION ?
- linked to motivation
- the REASONS / justifications we use for a RESULT in sport
Who invented the model of attribution ?
WEINER
What is LOCUS OF CAUSALITY ?
- two-dimensional model
- whether the attribution comes from within (INTERNAL) or the environment (EXTERNAL)
INTERNAL : STABLE
ABILITY
INTERNAL : UNSTABLE
EFFORT
EXTERNAL : STABLE
TASK DIFFICULTY
EXTERNAL : UNSTABLE
LUCK
What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?
a person’s tendency to attribute their failure to external reason
Give an example self-serving bias ?
‘I lost the badminton match because the floor was too slippy’ - an excuse to explain their poor performance
What is CONTROLLABILITY ?
whether attributions are under the CONTROL of the PERFORMER or under the control of OTHERS, or whether they are UNCONTROLLABLE
What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE
What is SPECIFIC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in particular situations ‘I am a hopeless football player’
What is GLOBAL LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in groups of situations ‘I am hopeless at all sport’
