PAPER 2 - Research Methods - Observational techniques and design Flashcards
What are observations?
Non-experimental studies…don’t manipulate variables!
Researchers study observable behaviour within a natural or controlled setting.
Evaluate observations.
+ They capture what people actually do.
- Risk of observer bias.
- Can’t demonstrate causal relationships.
What is a naturalistic observation?
Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur.
Strength of a naturalistic observation.
High external validity.
Generalisable findings
Limitation of a naturalistic observation.
Hard to replicate as variables are controlled.
Hard to gain consent.
What is a controlled observation?
Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment where variables are managed.
Strength of a controlled observation.
Easier to replicate.
Limitations of a controlled observation
Hard to apply to real-life…low external validity.
What is a non-participant observation?
Researcher remains outside of the group whose behaviour s/he is watch/recording.
Strength of a non-participant observation.
Maintain objective distance.
Limitation of a non-participant observation.
Lose valuable insight…too removed.
What is a participant observation?
Researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour s/he is watch/recording.
Strength of a participant observation.
Increased insight into participants lives = increased external validity.
Limitation of a participant observation.
Lose objectivity…identify too strongly with actual participants.
What is a covert observation?
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent.
Strength of a covert observation.
Increases internal validity…removes demand characteristics.
Limitation of a covert observation.
Unethical.
Lack of privacy.
What is an overt observation?
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent.
Strength of an overt observation.
Much more ethically acceptable.
Limitation of an overt observation.
Demand characteristics may influence natural behaviour.
