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Mr Lee Psychology > Paper 2: Research Methods > Flashcards

Paper 2: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of studies?

A

Experiments
Self-reporting
Observation
Case Studies

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2
Q

What are the 3 experimental designs?

A

Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

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3
Q

What are the two settings research can be conducted in?

A

Field studies
Lab studies

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4
Q

What’s the difference between a natural and quasi experiment?

A

Quasi experiment refers to a variable that can’t be changed eg Gender
Natural can be changed eg a law

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5
Q

What important experiment used the observational technique?

A

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

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6
Q

What are behavioural catagories?

A

A way to prioritise which behaviours are recorded and ensure consistency in different observers. Use inter-rater reliability.

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7
Q

Whats event sampling and what’s time sampling?

A

Event sampling is counting how many times an action is performed.
Time sampling is recording a participant in time intervals

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8
Q

What are naturalistic and controlled observations?

A

Naturalistic, observations made in a controlled setting.
Controlled, observations made in an artificial setting

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9
Q

Participant and non-participant?

A

When the researcher is involved in some capacity in the study or not.

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10
Q

What are the two types of the self-report method?

A

Questionnaire and interview

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11
Q

What are the two types of questionnaire questions?

A

Closed and open

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12
Q

What the difference between structure and unstructured interviews?

A

Structured, questions are standardised and pre-set
Unstructured, the interviewer just discusses a topic

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13
Q

What’s a longitudinal case study?

A

Done over an extended period, checking in with the subject at several intervals over long periods of time.

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14
Q

What are the features of a study?

A

Has an aim.
Has a hypothesis.
Must find a sample to represent the group they’re studying.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of samples?

A

Random sampling, selecting participants at random.
Systematic sampling, selecting in intervals.
Stratified sampling, dividing the population into relevant groups and building a sample from that.

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16
Q

What are the two main variables?

A

Dependant and independent variables.

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17
Q

Whats the difference between extraneous and confounding variables?

A

Experimenters must control extraneous variables,if they end up affecting the findings then they’re labelled confounding variables.

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18
Q

What’s the operationalisation of variables?

A

Making an abstract variable, eg sleep, into something measurable and define it further.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a pilot study?

A

To identify any flaws in the study at a lower cost before the main study starts.

20
Q

What are the 3 options of peer review?

A

Open review, all researchers and reviewers are know to each other.
Single blind, the researchers don’t know the reviewers.
Double blind, both groups are unaware of each other.

21
Q

What are the 4 main ethical concerns of all studies?

A

All participants have given valid consent in someway, including being made aware of the right to withdraw.
Deception, the participants shouldn’t be deceived. However it is sometimes is essential to the research being carried out, eg Asch and therefore can get retrospective consent, presumptive consent or prior general consent.
Confidentiality, personal information should not be disclosed.
Debriefing, all participants must be debriefed after the study.

22
Q

Definition of reliability?

A

Something is consistently replicated under the same circumstances.

23
Q

What’s test-retest?

A

Test-retest is when you give the same test to the same person on two different occasions. If the results are the same or similar both times, this suggests they are reliable.

24
Q

What’s inter-rater reliability?

A

Having two observers give similar results, can be mathematically observed.

25
Q

What are the 4 types of validity and their descriptions?

A

Concurrent validity, has similar validity to another similar study.
Face validity, the test looks like it measures what it says at face level.
Ecological, the extent findings are applicable in the real world.
Temporal, the findings hold up over time.

26
Q

What are the 5 main extraneous variable that can affect the results?

A

Demand Characteristics.
Investigator Effects.
Participant Variables.
Situational Variables.
Order Effects.

27
Q

What research has directly benefited the economy?

A

Bowlby’s attachment theory.
Psychopathology eg depression and OCD.
Memory, eye witness testimony.

28
Q

What are the features of a scientific method?

A

Objectivity, replicability, falsifiability.

29
Q

What’s a paradigm shift?

A

A huge change in the belief of existing scientific beliefs.

30
Q

What’s content analysis?

A

A detailed but quantifiable way of measuring qualitative data.

31
Q

What is standard diviation?

A

Standard deviation
The standard deviation (σ) is a measure of how much numbers in a data set deviate from the mean (average). It is calculated as follows:

Example data set: 59, 79, 43, 42, 81, 100, 38, 54, 92, 62
Calculate the mean (65)
Subtract the mean from each number in the set
-6, 14, -22, -23, 16, 35, -27, -11, 27, -3
Square these numbers
36, 196, 484, 529, 256, 1225, 729, 121, 729, 9
Add all these numbers together
36+196+484+529+256+1225+729+121+729+9=4314
Divide the result by the number of numbers
4314/10=431.4
The square root of this number is the standard deviation
√431.4=20.77
The standard deviation is 20.77

32
Q

How is a positively skewed graph shaped?

A

Peak is towards the left and gradual decline going down.

33
Q

How is a negatively skewed graph shaped?

A

Peak is towards the right and has a gradual incline towards it.

34
Q

What does r=+1 and r=-1 mean?

A

+1 means it has a positive correlation and -1 is a negative correlation.

35
Q

What’s is a type 1 error?

A

When researchers conclude there is an effect however it should’ve been ruled a null hypothesis.

36
Q

What’s a type 2 error?

A

When researchers conclude a null hypothesis but it should’ve been an effect.

37
Q

What’s the difference between nominal, ordinal and interval data?

A

Nominal: Tallies of discrete categories
E.g. at the competition there were 8 runners, 12 swimmers, and 6 long jumpers (it’s not like there are in-between measurements between ‘swimmer’ and ‘runner’)
Ordinal: Whole numbers that can be ordered, but are not necessarily precise measurements
E.g. First, second, and third place in a race
E.g. Ranking your mood on a scale of 1-10
Interval: Standardised units of measurement (that can include a decimal point)
E.g. Weights in kg
E.g. Heights in cm
E.g. Times in seconds

38
Q

How is the sign test conducted?

A

If the smaller value is greater than the critical value, it’s ruled as not significant. If the smaller value is smaller than the critical value, it’s ruled as significant.

39
Q

What are the requirements for a Chi Squared test?

A

Has to have a nominal data set. Must either be a Unrelated test of difference or Test of Correlation.

40
Q

What are the requirements for a Sign Test?

A

Nominal data and a related test of difference.

41
Q

What are the requirements for a Mann Whitney test?

A

Ordinal data with an unrelated Test of Difference.

42
Q

What are the requirements for a Spearman’s rho test?

A

Ordinal data with a test of correlation.

43
Q

What are the requirements for a Wilcoxon test?

A

Ordinal data related test of difference.

44
Q

How to get an unrelated or related test of difference?

A

Interval data set with a test of difference.

45
Q

How to get a Pearson’s rho test?

A

Interval data in a test of correlation.

Mr Lee Psychology (5 decks)

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