Paper 2 Key Knowledge Flashcards
What are the themes covered in Paper 2 Thematic Studies?
Theme A – Relationships and families, Theme D - Religion peace and conflict, Theme E - Religion, crime and punishment, Theme F – Religion, human rights and social justice
Define adultery.
Adultery is when a person who is already married has sex with someone who is not their husband/wife.
What is the Christian view on sex before marriage?
Christians believe that sex expresses a deep, loving lifelong union that requires the commitment of marriage.
What is the significance of virginity in many cultures?
Virginity for both sexes was important, particularly for women.
What is the ‘true love waits’ pledge?
A pledge taken by some young Christians to keep sex special for marriage.
What does St. Paul say about sexual immorality?
‘Flee from sexual immorality. All other sins a person commits are outside the body, but whoever sins sexually, sins against their own body.’
What is the Roman Catholic Church’s stance on same-sex relationships?
The Roman Catholic Church teaches that same-sex relationships are wrong, although it does not see a homosexual orientation as a sin.
According to the Bible, what is the purpose of marriage?
Marriage is regarded by religions as the proper place to express sexuality, develop companionship, and provide a secure environment for children.
What does the Church of England believe about sexual intercourse?
Sexual intercourse is an act of total commitment that belongs within a permanent married relationship.
What is the Buddhist view on sexual misconduct?
Buddhists must avoid sexual misconduct, which includes casual sex that uses someone for pleasure.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a way of preventing pregnancy when a couple has sex.
Contraception
What is the purpose of the marriage ceremony according to Christian teachings?
To join together a man and a woman in holy matrimony, emphasizing unity, loyalty, and the foundation of family life.
What are the traditional marriage vows in the Church of England?
To have and to hold, for better or worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part.
True or False: Buddhists believe that every situation should help them become enlightened.
True
What does the Eightfold Path guide Buddhists to consider in relationships?
Right intention, action, and mindfulness.
What is the role of the husband in a Buddhist marriage?
To treat his wife with respect, behave courteously, be faithful, share authority, and show appreciation.
What is the significance of the Dhammapada in Buddhism?
It emphasizes the highest blessings, including supporting family and practicing good conduct.
What methods of contraception does the Roman Catholic Church permit?
Only the rhythm method is permitted.
Fill in the blank: In Buddhism, the intention behind actions is _______.
crucial
What does ‘tanha’ refer to in Buddhism?
Craving, which is identified as the cause of suffering.
What is the Buddhist view on the creation of a fetus?
The fetus never forms, has no consciousness, and no aspect of Karma can develop.
What are the responsibilities of a wife in a Buddhist marriage?
Managing the household, being hospitable, being faithful, and taking care of family belongings.
What does the third precept in Buddhism state?
Buddhists must avoid sexual misconduct.
What is the primary belief about family in Christianity?
Christians place a high value on family life, seeing marriage as the ideal environment for raising children.
Fill in the blank: The Church of England’s General Synod confirms that marriage is solemn and _______.
holy
What is considered the highest blessing according to the Dhammapada?
Generosity, good conduct, helping relatives, and blameless action
This reflects the Buddhist view on the virtues that lead to a fulfilling life.
What are the traditional undertakings of the bridegroom in a Buddhist marriage?
- Love and respect his wife
- Be kind and considerate
- Be faithful
- Delegate domestic management
- Provide gifts to please her
These commitments are part of the marriage rites in Buddhism.
What are the traditional undertakings of the bride in a Buddhist marriage?
- Perform household duties efficiently
- Be hospitable to in-laws and friends
- Be faithful
- Protect and invest earnings
- Discharge responsibilities lovingly
These commitments are part of the marriage rites in Buddhism.
What did Jesus teach about divorce?
Anyone who divorces and remarries commits adultery
This reflects the Christian belief in the sanctity of marriage.
What is the Buddhist perspective on divorce?
- Marriage responsibilities are serious
- Divorce may bring harm and negative karma
- If irreparable, divorce should be handled sensitively
This perspective emphasizes the importance of compassion and the consequences of actions.
What is the traditional view of family structure in the West?
A nuclear family consisting of mum, dad, and children
This structure remains the most common in Western societies.
What percentage of children in the UK live in single-parent families?
25%
This statistic highlights the changing dynamics of family structures.
What is sexism?
To treat someone unfavorably due to their gender
This often relates to stereotypes about roles of men and women.
What significant legislation was passed in 1918 regarding women’s rights in the UK?
Representation of the People Act, allowing women of property over 30 to vote
This was a major milestone in the women’s suffrage movement.
What do Christians believe about the roles of men and women?
Men and women are created equal by God but have different roles
This belief does not imply that women are valued less.
What is the traditional view of gender roles in Buddhism?
Women as wives and mothers, men as providers
This reflects historical perspectives, though views are evolving.
How has modern family life changed compared to 50 years ago?
More families have both adults working and share responsibilities
This shift reflects economic and social changes in society.
What is pacifism?
The belief that violence is always wrong
Pacifists advocate for peaceful means to resolve conflicts.
What does reconciliation involve after a conflict?
- Rebuilding relationships
- Releasing prisoners of war
- Fair peace treaties
- Rebuilding infrastructure
This process is essential for lasting peace.
What is the purpose of Buddhism?
To bring about an end to suffering
This is a fundamental goal in Buddhist teachings.
Fill in the blank: The use of _______ is often debated within religious contexts regarding family planning.
[artificial contraception]
True or False: The Roman Catholic Church allows women to be priests.
False
The Church has traditionally restricted priesthood to men.
What is the Christian view on same-sex marriage?
Generally opposed, viewing marriage as a union between a man and a woman
This reflects traditional interpretations of biblical teachings.
What are the three criteria for a Just War?
- Just cause
- Right intention
- Proportionality
These criteria aim to ensure that war is morally justifiable.
What does the term ‘Kamma’ refer to in Buddhism?
The law of moral causation
This concept emphasizes that actions have consequences.
What is the significance of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?
A guide for ethical conduct and mental development leading to enlightenment
It is central to Buddhist practice.
What is the definition of justice in a religious context?
Everyone gets what they deserve
This encompasses fairness in treatment and opportunities.
What does the Christian teaching ‘Love your neighbour as you love yourself’ emphasize?
The importance of compassion and reconciliation
This teaching is fundamental to Christian ethics.
What is pacifism?
The belief in resolving conflicts through peaceful means rather than violence.
Pacifism is often associated with religious teachings, such as those found in Christianity and Buddhism.
What does the first of the 5 Moral Precepts in Buddhism state?
I abstain from taking life.
This precept highlights the Buddhist view that killing is wrong and leads to bad kamma.
What is Metta in Buddhism?
Loving kindness for all creatures, including enemies.
Buddhists practice Metta through loving kindness meditation.
Who was the Dalai Lama?
The Buddhist leader of Tibet who spoke against violent retaliation.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in promoting peace.
What does ‘Just War’ theory propose?
War is sometimes necessary to achieve a greater good under certain conditions.
Conditions include last resort, serious threat, good chance of winning, and proportionality of weapons.
What is one of the criteria for a Just War regarding authority?
The decision to go to war must be made by a legitimate authority.
Many believe this authority should be the United Nations.
What is the significance of the term ‘mutually assured destruction’ (MAD)?
It refers to the idea that nuclear weapons prevent war due to the fear of total annihilation.
This concept was prominent during the Cold War.
What is a holy war?
A war fought by believers in defense of their faith, believing God is on their side.
Examples include the Crusades and battles in the Old Testament.
What is the difference between a terrorist and a freedom fighter?
A terrorist uses violence to instill fear, while a freedom fighter seeks liberation.
Perception often determines how these individuals are labeled.
What does reconciliation after a war involve?
Rebuilding relationships, trying war crimes, releasing prisoners, and fair peace treaties.
It aims to ensure lasting peace and avoid future conflict.
Fill in the blank: The aim of war according to Just War theory should be to _______.
restore peace.
True or False: Most Christians support the use of nuclear weapons.
False.
Many Christians oppose nuclear weapons as they do not fulfill Just War criteria.
What did Jesus teach regarding violence?
Turn the other cheek and love your enemies.
These teachings suggest a pacifist approach to conflict.
What is the role of Caritas?
To serve those suffering as a result of conflict.
Caritas provides food, shelter, and legal assistance to refugees.
What is the main goal of the Tzu Chi Project?
To help victims of war.
The project offers various forms of aid to those affected by conflict.
What does the Ten Commandments state regarding killing?
Do not kill.
What is one argument against pacifism?
Refusing to fight allows evil to continue unchallenged.
Critics argue that pacifism can lead to greater harm in certain situations.
What did Thich Nhat Hanh say about responding to anger?
We had to breathe deeply and consciously.
This emphasizes the importance of calmness in the face of conflict.
What is Caritas?
A Christian organisation that serves those who are suffering as a result of conflict
Caritas provides food, shelter, translators, and legal assistance to refugees.
What is the Tzu Chi Project?
An initiative that helps victims of war by providing clinics, food, and basic necessities
They have set up a clinic in Istanbul for Syrian refugees.
What does Metta mean in Buddhism?
Loving kindness for all creatures, including enemies
Practised through loving kindness meditation.
What is the main purpose of Buddhism?
To bring about an end to suffering
Violence is seen as wrong as it causes suffering.
What is the first of the Five Moral Precepts in Buddhism?
‘I abstain from taking life’
Killing is considered an unskilful action that brings bad karma.
What is Karuna in Buddhism?
Compassion
Buddhists choose to help victims of war as an expression of this compassion.
What is Right Livelihood in the Eightfold Path?
A principle that prohibits taking jobs that cause suffering, such as in the Arms Industry
It emphasizes ethical work choices.
Who is Thich Nhat Hanh?
A Buddhist monk known for his engaged Buddhism and non-violent protest
He worked on changing societal structures to achieve inner peace.
What does the Parable of the Saw illustrate?
Remaining unaffected by extreme suffering and maintaining compassion for others
Buddha teaches equanimity in the face of violence.
True or False: Some Buddhists believe violence is acceptable in self-defense.
True
The Dalai Lama has suggested it may be reasonable to retaliate if one’s life is threatened.
Fill in the blank: ‘Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who ______ against us.’
trespass
What is the significance of Jesus saying ‘Turn the other cheek’?
It emphasizes forgiveness and non-retaliation
This teaching reflects a pacifist approach.
Explain two contrasting beliefs in contemporary British society about weapons of mass destruction.
Some believe they are necessary for national security, while others argue they pose a moral and existential threat
This debate reflects differing views on ethics and safety.
What is the Christian view on punishment according to St Paul?
We should ‘submit to governing authorities’
This reflects a belief in the importance of law for societal order.
What does the term ‘probation’ refer to?
A type of punishment that allows offenders to remain in the community under supervision
It aims to facilitate rehabilitation.
What does the Bible say about retribution?
‘An eye for an eye’
This phrase is often cited in discussions about corporal punishment.
What is the Buddhist perspective on the causes of crime?
Crimes are rooted in the Three Poisons: hate, greed, and ignorance
These are considered unskilful actions leading to bad karma.
What is the Eightfold Path’s view on action?
‘Right Action’ emphasizes ethical conduct and compassion
It is one of the core principles guiding Buddhist behavior.
What are the three types of crimes?
- Crimes against the person
- Crimes against property
- Crimes against the state
These classifications help in understanding the nature of offenses.
What does the term ‘unskilful actions’ refer to in Buddhism?
Actions rooted in ignorance, greed, and hate that lead to suffering
These actions are opposed to the teachings of Buddhism.
Discuss the significance of the quote ‘Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed’.
It is often used to justify the death penalty in Christian discourse
It reflects a belief in retributive justice.
How might upbringing contribute to criminal behavior?
A child raised in a criminal environment may normalize criminal activity
This perspective emphasizes societal influences on behavior.
What is the role of compassion in Buddhism regarding laws?
Buddhists may break unfair laws to alleviate suffering
This reflects the principle of Karuna.
What does ‘dependent arising’ mean in Buddhism?
The concept that all things are interrelated and influence one another
It explains the interconnectedness of actions and consequences.
Explain the concept of ‘kamma’ in Buddhism.
The law of moral causation, where actions lead to consequences
Good deeds lead to positive outcomes, while harmful actions result in suffering.
What is ‘original sin’ in Christianity?
The belief that mankind is inherently inclined to be greedy and selfish.
What does Buddhism mean by ‘dependent arising’?
The concept that everything is inter-related and that our actions can affect others.
What are the three poisons that lead to suffering in Buddhism?
- Greed
- Hate
- Ignorance
What is the second Noble Truth in Buddhism?
The cause of all suffering is desire.
What is reformation in the context of punishment?
Rehabilitation and education aimed at helping the criminal reintegrate into society.
What does deterrence aim to achieve in terms of punishment?
To discourage others from committing similar crimes.
What is retribution in the context of punishment?
An eye for an eye; punishment that seeks to match the severity of the crime.
What does protection mean in terms of punishment?
Removing a criminal from society to prevent further harm.
Do most Christians support deterrence and retribution?
No, most Christians are more likely to support reformation.
What does forgiveness mean in Christianity?
The act of pardoning someone for their wrongdoings.
What is the significance of the phrase ‘let the one without sin cast the first stone’?
It emphasizes that no one is without fault and should not judge others.
What is the role of prison chaplains?
To listen to confessions and pray with prisoners.
Fill in the blank: Corporal punishment involves physically _______ the offender.
[hurting]
What is capital punishment?
The death penalty for serious crimes like murder.
What do fundamentalist Christians believe about the death penalty?
They are more likely to support it, citing Biblical texts.
What is the stance of more liberal Christians on the death penalty?
They oppose it, believing in the sanctity of life and the possibility of reformation.
What does the Pope say about the death penalty?
He opposes it, stating that every life is sacred.
What is the Law of Kamma in Buddhism?
The belief that one’s actions will bring consequences, affecting happiness in this life and beyond.
What does compassion (karuna) mean in Buddhism?
Feeling for both the victim and the offender.
What is social justice?
Ensuring society treats people fairly, protecting human rights.
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
A document adopted by the UN in 1948 outlining the rights all people should have.
What is prejudice?
Holding biased opinions about an individual or group based on ignorance.
Give an example of discrimination in religion.
Negative treatment of women or homosexuals.
What does freedom of religion entail?
The right to practice any religion one chooses.
What does the term ‘tithe’ refer to?
A portion of income given to support the church or charitable causes.
What is the role of community service as a punishment?
To allow offenders to contribute positively to society while serving their sentence.
Explain the concept of ‘positive discrimination’.
Favoring individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to promote equality.
What is the significance of the phrase ‘an eye for an eye’?
It justifies retribution as a form of punishment in some interpretations of the law.
What is discrimination?
Actions or behaviour arising from holding prejudiced views
Discrimination can occur based on race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, etc.
Who became the first female bishop in the Church of England?
Libby Lane in 2014
This marked a significant milestone in the Church’s history regarding gender equality.
What do Christians and Buddhists generally believe about freedom of religion?
People should have freedom of religion and religious expression
This includes the right to practice and express one’s faith.
What rights are protected by the UK government regarding religious freedom?
Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
Included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Is Christianity the only religious tradition in Britain?
No, but it is the main religious tradition
Individuals have the right to follow any faith or none.
What is positive discrimination?
Treating people more favourably due to past discrimination or disabilities
This is meant to level the playing field.
How many people with disabilities are there in the world today?
Over 500 million
This includes people with physical or mental impairments.
What is racism?
Considering people of different races as inferior and treating them badly
Often triggered by skin colour.
What campaign was launched to combat racism in football?
‘Show Racism the Red Card’
It aims to educate fans and eliminate racist abuse.
Do Christianity and Buddhism teach that it is wrong to be wealthy?
No, but they warn against focusing too much on wealth
Both emphasize using wealth to help others.
What does the Bible say about wealth?
‘For the love of money is a root of all sorts of evil.’ (1 Timothy 6:10)
This highlights the dangers of greed and neglecting spiritual life.
What is the Buddhist view on wealth?
It matters how wealth is obtained and used
Letting go of wealth is a way to overcome attachment.
What are some causes of poverty?
- Debt
- Unemployment
- Exploitation
- Natural disasters
These factors contribute to the complexity of poverty.
Who is responsible for helping those living in poverty?
Views differ; some say society, others say individuals
Christians encourage self-help while recognizing the need for assistance.
What is exploitation?
The misuse of power or money for unfair reward
This often affects the poor.
What is a religious response to fair pay?
Support for fair pay contributes to an equal and just society
Proverbs 22:22 emphasizes not exploiting the poor.
What are two types of aid to help the poor?
- Short-term aid
- Long-term aid
Both types are supported by many Christians and Buddhists.
What did Dr. Ambekar teach the Dalit people in India?
To ‘educate, agitate and organise’
This inspired many to convert to Buddhism and resist poverty.
True or False: Buddhism teaches that making money by exploiting the poor is acceptable.
False
It is considered an example of greed and against moral precepts.
What are two contrasting beliefs about poverty in society?
- Society’s responsibility
- Individual’s responsibility
Perspectives vary on who should help those in poverty.
What do Christians believe about the responsibility of the poor?
The poor should help themselves when possible
The Bible states ‘the one who is unwilling to work shall not eat.’ (2 Thessalonians 3:10)
