Paper 2 June 2022

Question 1

Describe psychosexual stages as outlined in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 1

1. oral (0-1yr) - mouth pleasure
2. anal (1-3yr) - anus pleasure
3. phallic (3-5yr) - pleasure of genitals
4. latency (6-12yr) - previous conflicts resolved
5. genital (puberty) - sexual desires become conscious

Question 2

Discuss self-actualisation and/or conditions of worth in explaining human behaviour

Answer 2

-psychological growth and satisfaction in life
-constraints an individual believes are put upon them by loved ones that they deem necessary to gain positive regard

+ adopts a holistic approach
-focuses on subjective experiences
-stark contrast to cognitive and biological approach

• focuses on un-testable and subjective concepts
  -suffers from a lack of empirical evidence
  -no possibility of measuring it due to individual differences
  -congruence may be up to personal judgement

Question 3

Describe the divisions of the nervous system

Answer 3

-CNS made of brain and spinal cord
-PNS made up of nerves and neurones
-PNS divided into ANS and SNS
-ANS = governs vital functions
-SNS = controls muscle movement
-ANS divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

Explain why controlled observations and standardised scripts are used in studies

Answer 4

-standardised scripts - ensure same greeting is given to everyone
-high level of control
-could cause unintentional bias
-controlled observations - reduce EV which may impact the DV

Question 5

Identify one limitation of controlled observations

Answer 5

-lack of ecological validity

Question 6

Describe how observers could use time sampling to record behaviour of children

Answer 6

-record behaviour at set time intervals during a set time limit
-at specified time intervals mark categories of the list
-behaviours not in time frame should be ignored

Question 7

Explain one strength and one limitation of using time sampling for observing behaviour

Answer 7

-easier to manage as there is less likely to be loads of behaviours occurring through time period
-may not be representative of social behaviours as some that may have been displayed could be missed

Question 8

Explain how the reliability of a controlled observation could be assessed through inter-observer reliability

Answer 8

-2 observers use same categories and agree on interpretation of behaviours
-make independent tallies
-compare to look for agreement
-determine a level of inter-observer reliability

Question 9

Describe features of the abstract section in a scientific report

Answer 9

-first section of a report
-brief summary
-summary of aims, methods, results and conclusions