Paper 2 flashcards

Question 1

What were Peninsulares?

Answer 1

Spanish-born Spaniards that went to Cuba as administrators

Question 2

What were criollos?

Answer 2

People born in Cuba to Spanish parents

Question 3

What were Mestizos/mullatos?

Answer 3

Spanish Amerindians or Spanish-African people

Question 4

What was the main economic activity in Cuba under Spanish colonial control?

Answer 4

Initially, the main economic activity in Cuba was the growth of Tobacco, cattle ranching and some sugar plantations.

Question 5

What was the La Escalera Rebellion?

Answer 5

Slave revolt against Spanish colonial control.

It was discovered before it could begin, and executed all participants.

Question 6

What was the first Cuban war of Independence?

Question 7

What was the second Cuban war of Independence?

Question 8

Name 3 external factors that weakened Spanish colonial control of Cuba.

Answer 8

The British invaded Cuba for brief periods of time (1741, 1762, 1763).

The invasion of Spain by Napoleon’s French forces (1808).

The Spanish-American war (1898).

The Saint-Domingue slave rebellion and establishment of Haiti (1791 - 1804).

Simon Bolivar independence movements (1821, 1822).

All of these events either inspired and strengthened the Cuban independence movement or weakened Spanish control of Cuba.

Question 9

What was the principal failure of the first Cuban war of Independence?

Answer 9

The principal failure of the first war of independence was the internal divisions, which were effectively addressed in the second war of independence.

Question 10

Name 3 political challenges that Cuba faced after independence.

Answer 10

US rule.

Fabrication of a US political system (Platt Amendement).

The creation of the Cuban constitution.

Politics in an independent Cuba.

US occupation.

Question 11

What economic challenges did Cuba face after independece?

Answer 11

80% of sugar mills were in ruins after the second war of Independence.

Economic sectors of the government were placed under US control.

The Cuban economy was dominated by US businesses.

In 1903, a reciprocity treaty was signed with the US and gave Cuban sugar special treatment in US markets and tied Cuba’s economy closer to the US.

The US loaned $50 million dollars to Cuba.

Cuba’s economy was very reliant on external factors.

Question 12

What social challenges did Cuba face after independence?

Answer 12

Class/racial divisons

Labour shortages

Question 13

What was the first Indochina war?

Answer 13

The first Indochina war was the war that saw an end to French colonial rule in Vietnam.

The French had the advantage in this war, due to the strong control of major cities, superior warfare and more economic resources

However, The Viet Minh had the upper hand in terms of their war (guerrilla) tactics fighting against French conventional warfare.

Question 14

What was the second Indochina war?

Answer 14

The second Indochina war was a war fought between The United States (South Vietnam) and the Viet Minh due to communist influence in Vietnam.

The US felt obligated to intervene due to the protection of the capitalist ideology to prevent anti- western development.

Question 15

Who was the president of South Vietnam?

Answer 15

Ngo Dinh Diem, but Diem is a sufficient answer.

Question 16

What 3 struggles did Diem encounter?

Answer 16

Weak army.

Corruption.

Brutal regime.

Question 17

What was the Viet Minh?

Answer 17

The guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam and the United States from the South.

Question 18

What were 2 principal methods used by the Viet Cong?

Answer 18

Small cells.

Guerilla warfare.

Attacking government infrastructure, not civilians.

Question 19

Name 3 strenghts of the North Vietnamese during the war.

Answer 19

Effective use of guerilla warfare tactics.

High morale/strong motivation.

Support from communist allies (USSR and China).

Efficient use of the Ho Chi Minh trails for supplies/manpower.

Strong political leadership.

Question 20

Name 3 weakneses of US/South Vietnam during the war.

Answer 20

Lack of clear military/political objectives.

Underestimation of the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong’s capabilities.

Waning support from the American public and Congress.

South Vietnamese government instability and corruption.

Challenges in fighting a guerrilla war in unfamiliar terrain.

Heavy reliance on conventional warfare and aerial bombing campaigns.

Question 21

Name 3 political challenges Vietnam faced after independence.

Answer 21

National reunification/consolidation of communist rule.

Repression of dissent.

Rebuilding the economy.

Implementing communist economic models.

The presence of embargos.

Question 22

Name 3 social challenges Vietnam faced after the war.

Answer 22

Ethnic/religious repression.

The legacy of the war.

Reeducation.

Resettlement.

Question 23

Name 3 of Batista’s weaknesses.

Answer 23

Batista sought to simply gain personal monetary gain.

He had extreme levels of oppression.

He depended entirely on the US.

Question 24

Name 2 of Castro’s strengths.

Answer 24

He succeeded because of a populist, socialist movement.

He identified what needed to change, how to change it and who needed to support him in order for that change to be successful.

Question 25

Name 3 ways Castro consolidated and maintained power.

Answer 25

Establishment of the “New Cuba”- creating the idea of a “new society”

Elimination of the opposition.

UMAP labour camps.

Censoring intellectuals and art.

Surveillance.

Propaganda.

Charisma.

Show trials.

Question 26

Name 3 of Castro’s social policies.

Answer 26

Literacy Campaigns.

Public access to private entities.

Healthcare availability.

Women’s rights.

Racial rights.

End to discrimination.

Question 27

Name 3 drawbacks of Castro’s social policies.

Answer 27

His execution of Batista’s generals was looked down upon in the international community.

During the first few years of his campaign, there was a lot of discrimination against homosexuals.

Opposition was banned and there were no democratic elections.

Corruption in the government increased.

Mass evacuations from Cuba.

Question 28

Name and explain 3 of Castro’s economic policies.

Answer 28

Nationalisation: The Castro regime heavily emphasised the nationalisation of industries, including sugar mills, banks, and other foreign-owned businesses. This policy was intended to reduce foreign control over the economy and increase state control.

Agrarian reform: The Castro regime implemented agrarian reform to redistribute land to peasants and break up large, private owned estates. This policy aimed to create a more equitable distribution of land and reduce the power of the wealthy landowners.

Centralised planning: The Castro regime adopted a centralised planning model for the economy, in which the state determined production targets and allocated resources accordingly. This model was intended to promote economic development and reduce inequality.

Question 29

Name 3 drawbacks of Castro’s social policies.

Answer 29

Stagnant economy.

Lack of consumer goods.

Reliance on soviet subsidies.

Less productive workforce.

Question 30

Name 3 events that laid the groundwork for the Chinese revolution.

Answer 30

The Qing Dynasty.

The Opium wars and the Treaty of Nanjing.

The Taiping rebellion.

The boxer rebellion.

The 1911 Revolution.

The Warlord Period.

The May 4th Movement.

Question 31

Who did Mao overthrow?

Answer 31

The GMD.

Question 32

How did the GMD come to power?

Answer 32

The Qing dynasty fell in 1911.

The GMD/KMD (Guomindang) became the leading party, founded by Sun-Yat Sen and then handed to Chiang Kai-shek.

Question 33

Name 3 failures of the GMD.

Answer 33

Failure to supress communism.

Corruption/poor governance.

Inability to prevent Japanese invasion.

Question 34

What was the battle of Manchuria?

Answer 34

The Battle of Manchuria was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, a military conflict where Japanese forces seized the northeastern part of China.

Question 35

Name 4 military tactics/ideological tactics persued by Mao.

Answer 35

Guerilla tactics - general use.
Divide and defeat a large group of GMD soldiers.

The CCP had thorough knowledge of the terrain and support of the common people - made it easier to execute guerilla tactics.

Refuse to engage in battles which it’s clear the army will lose.

Never have a static army, always be mobile in order to facilitate retreating.

Always have a plan of attack and know what the army is headed into.

Question 36

Name 3 political tactics Mao used to gain power.

Answer 36

“Support of the masses” - support of common people.

Purging all opposition.

Guerilla warfare must be accompanied by a political goal, if not, the support and cooperation of the masses cannot be acquired.

Question 37

Name 3 economic tactics used by Mao.

Answer 37

Fair working hours, conditions and pay were established.

Land was taken away from landlords, rent abolished and land was fairly distributed.

All debts were cancelled.

Question 38

What were the Yan’an caves and long march?

Answer 38

The Yan’an caves became the headquarters of the CCP from 1935 to 1948, following the end of the Long March—a strategic retreat of the Red Army, led by Mao Zedong, to evade the pursuing Nationalist forces (GMD).

Question 39

How did the Yan’an caves contribute to Mao’s rise to power.

Answer 39

Background:
In Yan’an, strict control measures were enforced: caves were sealed to restrict movement, leaving included risks including detention, torture, or death, and all communication with the external world was monitored.

Answer:
This coercive environment facilitated the indoctrination of Mao’s thoughts and ideologies among the inhabitants, effectively turning them into loyal followers.

Question 40

What was the Chinese civil war?

Answer 40

The Chinese Civil War was the boiling point between the CCP and the GMD, in which they fought for control of China.

Question 41

Name 3 strengths of the CCP in the Chinese Civil War.

Answer 41

Adopted guerilla tactics effectively.

Strong military leadership under Lin Bao, forming the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).

Implemented a strict code of conduct to win peasant support, emphasising recruitment and discipline.

Soviet support.

Question 42

Name 3 weaknesess of the GMD in the Chinese Civil War.

Answer 42

They Appeared weak in response to the 1941 Manchuria invasion by Japan, damaging its image.

Lacked organisation, benefits, and discipline in the military.

Relied on traditional warfare methods, which were ineffective against CCP guerilla tactics.

The United States withdrew support from the GMD, further isolating it.

Question 43

What were the four principal ways that Mao consolidated power?

Answer 43

Campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries.

Use of force, executions, and labour camp.

Surveillance.

The three-anti and the five-anti campaign.

Question 44

What were the 3 anti’s under Mao?

Answer 44

Embezzlement, bureaucracy and waste.

Question 45

What were the 5 anti’s under Mao?

Answer 45

Industrial sabotage, tax evasion, bribery, fraud and theft of government property.

Question 46

What were the 3/5 anti campaigns used for?

Answer 46

The three and five-anti campaign was used to avoid a GMD-like political party, as social servants were kept from the GMD era into the CCP era.

The Anti-Campaigns were effective in controlling the population because anybody that violated the Anti’s was executed, tortured or imprisoned.

Question 47

How did the Korean War reflect Mao’s foreign policy?

Answer 47

Mao showcased the clash between US-led capitalism and Chinese-led communism.

He strengthened his position, pushing UN forces back to the 38th parallel while defending against a US invasion.

Question 48

What was Mao’s goal in provoking the US during tensions with Taiwan?

Answer 48

Mao aimed to force Soviet support for China’s nuclear ambitions by provoking the US to defend Taiwan, elevating China’s international political status.

Question 49

How did Mao’s relationship with the USSR change under Khrushchev?

Answer 49

Tensions increased as Khrushchev criticized Stalin, conflicting with Mao’s views.

That did not stand well with Mao, who had much stronger relations with Stalin than with Krushchev.

Tensions set the stage for the Cultural Revolution as Mao faced internal criticism and continued relying on Soviet resources.

Question 50

What was the hundred flowers campaign?

Answer 50

Mao Zedong initiated this campaign encouraging open expression of opinions and criticism of the Communist Party, although many thought this was a trap.

Aimed to promote a more open socialist society; sought to uncover and address ‘traitors’ within the party and government.

Question 51

What was the outcome of the hundred flowers campaign?

Answer 51

It initially led to a surge of criticism towards the party, but when criticisms became overwhelming, the campaign was quickly suppressed.

The crackdown that followed silenced dissent and tightened Mao’s control, demonstrating his ability to manipulate public discourse for consolidating power.

Question 52

What was the cultural revolution?

Answer 52

Launched by Mao to reassert his authority and revive revolutionary spirit; aimed to eliminate capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.

Question 53

What did the cultural revolution attack?

Answer 53

The “Four Olds” (old customs, culture, habits, ideas), and targeted intellectuals, party officials, and anyone accused of being counter-revolutionary.

Question 54

What was the first five-year plan?

Answer 54

This economic policy aimed to transform China into an industrialized nation, focusing on collectivization of agriculture and government investment in production infrastructure.

Question 55

What was the great leap forward?

Answer 55

This policy intended to rapidly transform China from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization.

Question 56

Name 3 drawbacks of Mao’s economic policies.

Answer 56

Economic instability/famine.

Industrial failure.

Disruption of agriculture.

Question 57

Name 3 social policies under Mao.

Answer 57

Eradication of Feudalism/Promotion of Equality.

National Healthcare and Education.

Gender Equality.

Cultural and Ideological Campaigns.

Question 58

Name 2 drawbacks of Mao’s social policies.

Answer 58

Economic and Human Cost.

Supression of dissent.

Social/cultural disruption.