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Geography IGCSE Spec > Paper 2 Economic activity and energy > Flashcards

Paper 2 Economic activity and energy Flashcards

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1
Q

4.1A

Primary sector

A

Consists of activities that extract raw materials from below ground and cultivate resources above ground. Examples include agriculture, fishing, mining and logging

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2
Q

4.1A

Secondary sector

A

Comprises of activities that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products. Examples of secondary industries include heavy manufacturing, light manufacturing, food processing, oil refining and energy production.

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3
Q

4.1A

Tertiary sector

A

Is also called the service sector and involves the selling of services and skills. They can also selling goods and products from the primary and secondary industries. Examples of tertiary employment include the health service, transportation, education, entertainment, tourism, finance, sales and retail

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4
Q

4.1A

Quaternary sector

A

Consists of those industries providing information services, such as computing, ICT (information and communication technologies), consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D (research, particularly in scientific fields).

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5
Q

4.1A

Reasons for the differences in the employment structures in countries at different levels of development (Clark Fisher Model)
(Uk 1800AD - 2000AD)
(Complacated version)

A
  • Percentage of primary sector workers decrease from pre-industrial to post- industrial from 70% to 10% due to mechanisation, running out of raw materials and the new jobs available in the secondary sector industry.
  • Percentage of secondary sector workers increase in pre-industrial and then plateaus in industrial and then slowly decreases throughout post-industrial from 20% to 43% to 30%. Due to it being new and needed in the pre-industrial it increases significantly, it peaks in industrial and is less needed in post-industrial because of factors e.g. Globalisation, Technological Advancements, Economic transitions, Environmental regulations
  • Percentage of tertiary sector workers slowly increases in pre-industrial, steeply increases in industrial and starts to plateau in post-industrial from 10% to 55%. Tertiary increases rapidly as it is needed alot in the industrial era and starts to plateau as the country already has a significant amount of tertiary jobs.
  • Percentage of Quaternary sector workers slowly increases in post-industrial as it is a new job that required improved education, technological advancements and certain jobs.
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6
Q

4.1C

Technological Advancements

A

Automation and modern production methods have reduced the need for human labor in manufacturing. Machines and technology can perform tasks more efficiently and at a lower cost

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7
Q

4.1C

Economic transitions

A

Economies in the post-industrial era tend to move towards the service (tertiary) and knowledge-based (quaternary) sectors. These sectors offer higher value-added services such as finance, IT, research, and development

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8
Q

4.1C

Environmental Regulations

A

Stricter environmental laws in developed countries have made manufacturing more expensive. It is more expensive due to the developed countries exhausted raw materials. Companies often relocate to countries with less stringent regulations

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9
Q

4.1A

Economic structure of Kenya

A

Primary: 35%
Alot of Primary sector as industrialisation is still in progress. So most of the country work in agriculture due to the fertile land. Is undeveloped.
Secondary: 17%
Shortage of skilled labor due to lack of education
Tertiary: 48%
Has a lot of tourists

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10
Q

4.1A

Economic structure of Germany

A

Primary: 1%
Industrialised country, technological advancements, urbanisation, outsourcing. They have restricive environmental regulations which stop the expansion of primary sector activies like mining or large scale agriculture
Secondary: 28%
Due to strong education, they have and abundance of skilled workers
Tertiary: 71%
Strong educational system, tourism

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11
Q

4.1C

Raw materials

Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in each economic sector

A

Natural resources that are extracted for humans to utilise and transform into products form the basis of the primary sector. Once deposits are nearly exhausted, the price of extraction can increase and economic viability decreases employment drops.

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12
Q

4.1C

Globalisation

Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in each economic sector

A

The increasing interconnectedness of people and places. Due to our increased connections, companies have been able to outsource manufacturing labour to other countries where workers are cheaper which has changed the employment structure in both countries

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13
Q

4.1C

Mechanisation

Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in each economic sector

A

The increasing use of machinery to replace the role of workers (labour) has led to a reduction in the number of people employed in the primary sector and has encouraged rural to urban migration.

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14
Q

4.1C

Demographic changes

Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in each economic sector

A

Changes associated with births, deaths, gender, race and migration. Countries with high numbers of young people are attractive to primary sector companies who may choose to move locations to access this plentiful workforce.

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15
Q

4.1C

Government policies

Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in each economic sector

A

A rule and/or approach that a government takes in order to follow a particular path in making changes to its country. For example a govrenment might set up an enterprise zone where there are incentives to foreign companies to relocate their business such as reduced taxes

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16
Q

4.1Ca

Enterprise zone

A

Designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and Government support. They are great places to do business especially for both new and expanding firms

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17
Q

4.1B

Agglomeration industries

Key Definitions

A

The concentration of industries in urban area and their location close to linked activities. e.g. Silicon Valley

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18
Q

4.1B

Footloose industries

Key Definitions

A

An industry which is not tied to any particular location/has a relatively free choice of location. e.g. Honey Production

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19
Q

4.1B

Cheap labour

Human

A

In other industries like clothes production an availability of cheap labour is very important. This why many clothes factories locate in LEDCs.

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20
Q

4.1B

Unpolluted Land (Greenfield Site)

Physical

A

Most industries would prefer to build on greenfield sites. This is because there are no cleanup costs before building.

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21
Q

4.1B

Natural Transport Links

Physical

A

In an increasingly globalised world, products are now sold worldwide. Therefore, it is important to be close to natural transport routes e.g. rivers and the coast.

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22
Q

4.1B

Available Raw Materials

Physical

A

For any industries that use raw materials (especially weight loss industries), it is very important to be close to them.

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23
Q

4.1B

Market

Human

A

For any industry to survive, they need customers. Therefore, an easily accessible market is important in the location of industry.

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24
Q

4.1B

Climate

Physical

A

For some industries a good climate can be very important. For example, you would not locate a solar panel research and development company in a place where the sun never shines.

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25
Q

4.1B

Good Communications

Human

A

It is now very important for industries to have good communications so that they can contact suppliers and customers.

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26
Q

4.1B

Good Housing

Human

A

To attract any workers it is important to have suitable housing nearby. For quaternary industries this might be good quality housing for secondary industries this might be high density cheaper housing.

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27
Q

4.1B

Available Capital

Human

A

For industries to build factories or offices, research and develop new products or enter new markets, they need access to money.

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28
Q

4.1B

Supply Network

Human

A

Most industries have a large supply network. To ensure the smooth production of products it helps being close to suppliers.

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29
Q

4.1B

High environmental quality

Physical

A

For tertiary and quaternary industries who are trying to attract skilled workers it is useful to be near a nice environment to make working their more attractive.

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30
Q

4.1B

Water Supply

Physical

A

For many industries, especially manufacturing, it is very important to be near a reliable water supply (river or reservoir).

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31
Q

4.1B

Flat Land

Physical

A

It is a lot easier to build on flat land than hilly land so most industries look for flat sites.

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32
Q

4.1B

Reliable Electricity and Water Supply

Human

A

For all industries a constant electricity supply is essential because industries can’t afford breaks in production.

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33
Q

4.1B

Nearby Universities

Human

A

For quaternary industries that carry out a lot research and development they need to be located near universities that have skilled workers and available laboratories.

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34
Q

4.1B

Renewable Energy Sources

Physical

A

It is becoming increasingly important for companies to demonstrate their sustainability. Therefore, it will become increasingly important to have access to renewable energy sources (wind and sun).

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35
Q

4.2A

Industrialisation

Key Terms

A

The process by which an economy is changed from a primarily agricultural one to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

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36
Q

4.2A

Industrial phase

A

When the proportion of people working in the secondary sector in a country starts to decline and the proportion working in the tertiary sector grows.

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37
Q

4.2A

The positive impacts of industrialisation
in a named developing country (China)

A
  • Increased production
  • Improved economy
  • Advancements in medicine
  • Better quality of life
  • Increase in specialist jobs
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38
Q

4.2A

The negative impacts of industrialisation in a named developing country (China)

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Pollution
  • Bad working conditions
  • Unhealthy living conditions
  • Exploiting natural resources
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39
Q

4.2A

Deindustrialisation

A

When the proportion of people working in the secondary sector in a country starts to decline.

40
Q

4.2A

The negative impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developed country (UK)

A
  • Produces less than 25% of the wealth, and employs less than 20% of the workforce
  • Workers made redundant
  • Rising unemployment
  • Challenge of finding new jobs
  • Families being uprooted from their homes
  • Large urban areas laid waste as factories closes and were demolished
  • Industrial town & cities in the north had to reinvent and reimage themselves
41
Q

4.2A

The positive impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developed country (UK)

A
  • Growth of the tertiary sector
  • Increase in household incomes
  • Shift reflects higher standard of living
  • Decrease in pollution and environmental degradation
  • Spurred on innovation and development in new technologies
42
Q

4.2B

Causes of informal employment in a named megacity (Mumbai, India)

A

Rural to urban migration happens because of India’s economic development. A problem of rapid rural to urban migration is the development of squatter settlements. In Mumbai the squatter settlement of Dharavi is now home to over 1 million people. Dharavi lies between two railway lines and is one of the biggest squatter settlements in the world. Not enough jobs for all these people who migrate.
In squatter settlements thousands of workshops and people are employed in the informal job sector

43
Q

4.2B

Informal sector

Key Terms

A

Is created by people who find work for themselves. This work is unregulated and unofficial.
Example:
Cleaning windows on car, selling bracelets, selling fruit, prostitution

44
Q

4.2B

Street vendors

Key Terms

A

A person who offers goods or services for sale to the public without having a permanently built structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile stall.

45
Q

4.2B

GNI per capita

Key Terms

A

GNI is the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses including the nation’s gross domestic product plus the income it receives from overseas sources divided by its population (per capita). It stands for Gross national income.

46
Q

4.2B

Rural – urban migration

Key Terms

A

The movement of people from the countryside into city to live and work.

47
Q

4.2B

Remittances

Key Terms

A

Money sent back from the migrant in their new settlement to their previous settlement, normally to family members to support them.

48
Q

4.2B

Characteristics of Informal employment (Advantages)

A
  • Not paying taxes
  • Flexible working hours
  • No overhead - no extra hidden costs/making a lot of money
49
Q

4.2B

Characteristics of Informal employment (Disadvantages)

A
  • No guaranteed pay for any type of leave
  • No permanent place of work
  • No health and safety precautions
  • Discrimination in the work place
  • Unhealthy work-place conditions
  • Unprotected from processes like machinery
  • Bad for government as they cannot use some of the money the people get to invest in healthcare and education
  • Uncertain legal status
50
Q

4.2B

Underemployment

A

When people are forced to work in low paying or low skill jobs due to being unable to find full time employment that fits their skills.

51
Q

4.2B

Unemployment

A

When someone of working age is not working.

52
Q

4.2C

Underpopulation

Key Terms

A

Resources exceed population number; this is rare.

53
Q

4.2C

Optimum population

Key Terms

A

Population and resources are in balance which is sustainable.

54
Q

4.2C

Overpopulation

Key Terms

A

Population numbers exceed resources; this is an unsustainable situation.

55
Q

4.2C

Carrying Capacity

Key Terms

A

The number of a species (eg humans) that an environment can support.

56
Q

4.2C

Sustainable

Key Terms

A

Able to be maintained at a certain rate of level without causing irreversible harm.

57
Q

4.2C

Birth Rate

Key Terms

A

The number of births per 1000 of the population per year.

58
Q

4.2C

Fertility Rate

Key Terms

A

The number of children each woman has on average within her lifetime.

59
Q

4.2C

The relationship between population growth and resources

Important

A
  • Economic activities involve the consumption of resources and energy. The rate at which resources are consumed is strongly influenced by two processes: population growth and economic development
  • The global population is now 8 billion and continues to rise, although less rapidly. Global economic growth is about 3% per year. Many of the resources being consumed are not limitless. They are finite and non-renewable. So, with resources running out what will happen to people and their economic activities?
  • Three different views have been expressed about the relationship between population growth, development and resources. With all three, the focus is on food.
60
Q

4.2C

Thomas Malthus
1798

A
  • He argued that population growth proceeded at a faster rate than the increase in food supply. So, there would come a time when there was no longer sufficient food to feed the population.
  • At this point, population growth would stop, either by a lowering of the birth rate (people having fewer children) or a raising of the death rate as a result of famine, disease and war
61
Q

4.2C

Ester Boserup
1965

A
  • She based her theory on the argument that increases in population stimulate an improvement in food production. So, developments in technology would solve the problem.
  • A major point of her theory is that “necessity is the mother of invention”.
  • Examples of inventions that have stimulated improvements in food production would be the use of fertilisers and irrigation systems.
62
Q

4.3A

Energy Gap

Key Terms

A

The difference between a country’s demand for energy and the ability for it to produce that energy from its own sources.

63
Q

4.3A

Energy Mix

Key Terms

A

The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable.

64
Q

4.3A

Energy Security

Key Terms

A

The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.

65
Q

4.3A

Energy consumption

Key Terms

A

The amount of energy used.

66
Q

4.3A

HDI

Key Terms

A

Human Development Index including life expectancy, schooling and GNI per capita - a mixture of social and economic measures reported on a scale of 0-1.

67
Q

4.3A

Why does energy production vary?

A
  • Advances in technology
  • Cost of exploitation and production
  • Consumer goods
  • Political factors
  • Affluence
  • Economic reasons
  • Natural reserves
  • Country’s location
  • Physical Factors
68
Q

4.3Ab

Countries location

A

(Islands - wave and tidal power, Windy places - wave energy, Sunny countries - solar energy, Wet places with steep relief - hydroelectric power, (HEP) and countries close to plate boundaries - geothermal power)

69
Q

4.3A

Why does energy demand vary?

A
  • World population growth especially in developing countries
  • Increasing standards of living
  • Increasing wealth
  • Population growth
70
Q

4.3B

Coal (Advantages)

Non-Renewable

A
  • It is available in an abundant supply for many industrialized countries
  • It can be converted into different formats (e.g. refined or raw)
  • It is a full-time energy resource
  • Low capital investment
  • It is cheaper than other fossil fuels
  • They are safe to transport
  • Reliable when generating lots of power
71
Q

4.3B

Coal (Disadvantages)

Non-Renewable

A
  • It is not a renewable resource
  • Coal power can give off high levels of radiation
  • Coal emissions create health problems
  • It contains high levels of carbon dioxide
  • Coal mining contributes to climate change as well as being very hazardous
  • Coal mining is very destructive to the environment
72
Q

4.3B

Oil (Advantages)

Non-renewable

A
  • Many different uses e.g. energy production
  • Can be easily stored
  • Generates job opportunities in the oil industry
  • Primary energy source for many different applications e.g. transportation or heating
73
Q

4.3B

Oil (Disadvantages)

Non-renewable

A
  • Non-renewable source so it is a finite resource
  • Extraction of oil degrades environment and pollutes our environment
  • Disputes over rights on sources of oil can lead to conflicts and tensions
  • Health and safety risks due to oil spills and explosions
74
Q

4.3B

Natural Gas (Advantages)

Non-renewable

A
  • Relatively clean - least polluting of the fossil fuels
  • Efficient and instant energy. Used in oven cooking without pre-heating
  • Easy to transport and to store through pipelines
  • Natural gases are also very cheap and very cost affective
75
Q

4.3B

Natural Gas (Disadvantages)

Non-renewable

A
  • Supply is limited so we will eventually run out of it
  • Natural gas is a fossil fuel so when it is burned, it release carbon dioxide which adds to the greenhouse effect and global warming
  • Transporting natural gas leads to methane leaks. Whenever it is transported natural gas leads to methane leaks, which is more potent of a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide.
76
Q
A
77
Q

4.3B

Nuclear (Advantages)

Renewable

A

Doesn’t produce Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide like fossil fuels do.

Nuclear power stations are a reliable source of energy, meaning they can produce energy constantly when needed.

‘1 kilogram of nuclear fuel produces millions of times more energy than 1 kilogram of coal’. (BBC Bitesize): simpler, nuclear fission produces a lot more energy than fossil fuels do if you got the same amount of nuclear fuel and coal.

78
Q

4.3B

Nuclear (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

Dangers of radiation
High cost of building and decommissioning power stations
Problems over disposal of radioactive waste
Nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have raised public fears

79
Q

4.3B

Fuelwood (Advantages)

Renewable

A

Available and affordable

Produces fewer emissions than other gases and is therefore more friendly for the environment

80
Q

4.3B

Fuelwood (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

Deforestation and environmental concerns
Seasonal availability - may not be available all year round due to weather and harvesting schedules

81
Q

4.3B

Shale gas/Oil (Fracking) (Advantages)

A

Safe method of extracting natural gas
Helps us to stop using dirtier fossil fuels
Correct management can prevent environmental harm

82
Q

4.3B

Shale gas/Oil (Fracking) (Disadvantages)

A

Methane emissions that reduce air quality
High water consumption
Long term effects on soil and vegetation
Chemical injected into the ground

83
Q

4.3B

Solar (Advantages)

Renewable

A

No greenhouse gas emissions
No air pollution
They can be used in most locations
They can be small or large
Solar energy is infinite

84
Q

4.3B

Solar (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

Solar panels generate no electricity at night
Solar panels are not useful when it is cloudy
They can’t store energy, so you have to use the electricity they generate when its sunny
They are expensive

85
Q

4.3B

Wind (Advantages)

Renewable

A

Renewable and sustainable
Environmental stable
It is cheap and very available

86
Q

4.3B

Wind (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

Is not a consistent form of energy as its effectiveness is effecting by the weather
Can threaten the lives of flying creatures like birds
Limited by location

87
Q

4.3B

HEP (Advantages)

Renewable

A

Hydroelectric power in its various forms is a renewable energy source and there are no fuel costs
No harmful polluting gases or chemical are produced
Tidal barrages and hydroelectric power stations are very reliable and can be easily switched on

88
Q

4.3B

HEP (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

It has been difficult to scale up the designs for wave machines to produce large amounts of electricity
Hydroelectricity dams flood farmland and push people from their homes
The rotting vegetation underwater releases methane, which is a greenhouse gas.

89
Q

4.3B

Geothermal (Advantages)

Renewable

A

Cheap to produce once everything has been built
Environmentally good
Versatile for heating and electricity production
Produces jobs for people around
Small carbon footprint
Reliable heat production from the ground

90
Q

4.3B

Geothermal (Disadvantages)

Renewable

A

It does release some hazardous gasses that are harmful
Starting up the geothermal power plant is very expensive
Surface instability and earthquake possibility increase
It is harder to get through an area with a thicker crust to get to heat, meaning more money will have to be paid or having a geothermal power plant wouldn’t be possible

91
Q

4.3C

Sustainable

Key Terms

A

The quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance.

92
Q

4.3C

Microgeneration

Key Terms

A

The generation of electricity or heat on a small scale, typically for domestic use and using methods such as solar panels, that do not contribute to the depletion of natural resources.

93
Q

4.3C

Community energy

Key Terms

A

Covers aspects of collective action to reduce, purchase, manage and generate energy. Community energy projects have an emphasis on local engagement, leadership and control and the local community benefiting collectively from the outcomes.

94
Q

4.3C

Energy can be managed in sustainable ways through…

A

Education, Effieciency and Conservation

95
Q

Case Study Nepal

A
96
Q

Case Study UK

A

Geography IGCSE Spec (3 decks)

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