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COMPUTING GCSE PAPER 2 OCR J277 > Paper 2 definitions > Flashcards

Paper 2 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is abstraction

A

The process of separating ideas from specific instances of those ideas of work. It tries to factor out details from a common pattern so the programmers can work close to the level of human thoughts, leaving out details which matter in practice, but are immaterial to the problem being solved

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2
Q

What is a sequence?

A

Instructions happening one after another in order

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3
Q

What is selection?

A

Instructions which can evaluate a Boolean expression and then branch the code to one or more alternative paths

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4
Q

What is iteration?

A

A selection of code which can be repeated either a set number of times (count controlled) or a variable number of times based on the evaluation of a Boolean expression (condition controlled)

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5
Q

What is decomposition/ divide and conquer?

A

Breaking a problem down into smaller, component parts until the solution is known

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6
Q

What is algorithmic thinking?

A

A way of getting to a solution by identifying the steps needed

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7
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A set of instructions that achieve a task

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8
Q

What is a task?

A

A set of instructions

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9
Q

What is an instruction?

A

One command

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10
Q

What is an input?

A

Data entered onto a computer

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11
Q

What is a process?

A

Data being altered on the computer

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12
Q

What is an output?

A

Information produced for the user by the computer

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13
Q

What is pseudocode?

A

Notation resembling a computer language

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14
Q

What is a flowchart?

A

A diagram showing sequential steps, modelling an algorithm

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15
Q

What is a high level language?

A

A computer code that is halfway between machine code and natural speech (3rd generation languages)

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16
Q

What is a syntax error?

A

An error in the grammar of a computing language

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17
Q

What is a logic error?

A

An error in computer code that does stop or break the program, but causes unexpected results

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18
Q

What is a runtime error?

A

An error that crashes a computer program when it is being executed (e.g running out of memory)

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19
Q

What is a trace table?

A

A method of following each of the variables and the changes made during run time

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20
Q

What are problem processes?

A

Anything which happens to data during a system running

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21
Q

What are problem outputs?

A

Any information of data which leaves a system

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22
Q

What is a structure diagram?

A

A diagram which looks like an upside tree with one node at the top and many below. It is used when designing solutions to problems in order to help break a large problem down into a number of small parts

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23
Q

What is searching?

A

Looking for data in a list/array/database

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24
Q

What is sorting?

A

Putting data into numeric or alphabetical order

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25
Q

What is a bubble sort?

A

A simple algorithm- it is inefficient when sorting larger amounts of data, as the time taken is related to the square of the number of items

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26
Q

What is an insertion sort?

A

A sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array or list one item as a time. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms

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27
Q

What is merge sort?

A

A type of divide and conquer algorithm. The list is divided into the smallest unit, then each element is compared with the adjacent list to sort and merge them. Finally, all elements are sorted and merged

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28
Q

What is linear search?

A

a technique for looking through each element of a set of data, in sequence until the criteria matches the data

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29
Q

What is binary search?

A

A method of looking for a particular element of data, by starting at the midpoint and seeing if the searched for element is in the upper or lower half, repeating the same routine until the data element is found. (data has to be sorted)

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30
Q

What is a variable?

A

a container that contains a value that can be inspected/edited in run time

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31
Q

What is a constant?

A

A value that can’t be changed during runtime

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32
Q

What is an assignment?

A

Passing a value to a variable

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33
Q

What is casting?

A

Determining the data type for a variable (e.g integer)

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34
Q

MOD

A

The remainder when one value is divided by another

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35
Q

DIV

A

The number of whole times a number divides into another

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36
Q

What is exponentiation?

A

Raising a number by a power

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37
Q

What is initialising?

A

The first time a variable is assigned a value

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38
Q

What is an integer?

A

A whole number (including negative numbers)

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39
Q

What is a real number (float)?

A

A number with a fractional quantity

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40
Q

What is boolean?

A

A value that can only take one of two values

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41
Q

What is a character?

A

A symbol

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42
Q

What is a string?

A

A collection of symbols

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43
Q

What is concatenation?

A

Combining 2 strings together

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44
Q

What is truncation/slicing?

A

Getting rid of parts of a string

45
Q

What is an array?

A

A data structure that is of fixed length and must contain the same data types

46
Q

What is a function?

A

A subprogram that returns a value

47
Q

What is a procedure?

A

A subprogram that doesn’t return a value

48
Q

What is file handling?

A

The use of files to permanently store data

49
Q

Open

A

Provide access to a file

50
Q

Close

A

To stop accessing a file

51
Q

Write

A

Add data to a file

52
Q

Read

A

To accept data from a file

53
Q

Append

A

To add data to the end of a file

54
Q

What is a record?

A

A data structure that groups together related items of data

55
Q

What is SQL?

A

Structured Query Language, used to interrogate a database

56
Q

SELECT (SQL)

A

To choose a particular element of data

57
Q

FROM (SQL)

A

To choose where the data is being selected

58
Q

WHERE (SQL)

A

A criteria given to SQL to narrow the choice of data being selected

59
Q

AND (SQL)

A

Narrows a selection

60
Q

OR (SQL)

A

Widens a selection

61
Q

What is a wildcard (*) (SQL)?

A

Allows the choice of any data (e.g. S* selects all data that starts with an S)

62
Q

What is authentication?

A

Verifying the identity of a user

63
Q

What is validation?

A

Checking that the data being inputted is sensible

64
Q

What is a range check?

A

Checks data is between an upper and lower numeric bound

65
Q

What is a format check?

A

Checks the data conforms to a particular combination of letters, digits and symbols

66
Q

What is a presence check?

A

Checks that data has been entered

67
Q

What is a lookup check?

A

Cross-references the data with an existing list of acceptable answers

68
Q

What is a check digit?

A

The use of a calculation performed data is transmitted, the same calculation is performed by the recipient and the answers compared. If they don’t match, an error has occurred

69
Q

What is parity?

A

The use of the number of ones and zeroes in a data stream to check that the data is incorrect

70
Q

What is a length check?

A

Checks that the data has the correct number of digits, characters and symbols

71
Q

What is a type check?

A

Checks the data is the correct type

72
Q

What is maintainability?

A

Making sure that your programs are easy to edit at a later date

73
Q

What is indentation?

A

Grouping parts of the program by use of tabs or spaces

74
Q

What are naming conventions?

A

Making sure that variables, constants and subprograms are labelled clearly with their functions

75
Q

What is commenting?

A

Placing comments in your program that helps future programmers follow your logic

76
Q

What is modularisation?

A

Decomposing the task into smaller, more achievable tasks such as functions

77
Q

What is iterative testing?

A

Each module of a program is tested as it is developed

78
Q

What is final/terminal testing?

A

Testing that all the modules of a program work together as expected and checking that the program meets the expectations of the user with real data

79
Q

What is test data?

A

Values used to test a program

80
Q

What is normal test data?

A

Data supplied to a program which you would expect
eg for 0-100, 32,86,74

81
Q

What is boundary test data?

A

Data supplied to a program which is designed to test the boundaries of a problem
eg for 0-100, 99, 100, 101

82
Q

What is invalid test data?

A

Data of the correct type but outside accepted validation limits
eg for 0-100, -5, 150

83
Q

What is erroneous test data?

A

Data of the incorrect type which should be rejected by the computer system
eg for 0-100, ‘hello’ or 3.725

84
Q

What is null test data?

A

Entering no data into the system

85
Q

What is a test plan?

A

A table used to organise the tests that a programmer will use

86
Q

What is alpha testing?

A

Testing used by the developers during production

87
Q

What is beta testing?

A

Testing completed by volunteers, not employed by the software organisation

88
Q

What is a logic gate?

A

The smallest electronic circuit in a digital machine

89
Q

What is a logic circuit?

A

Several logic gates connected together

90
Q

What is an AND gate?

A

A logic gate that only produces an output if both inputs are high

91
Q

What is an OR gate?

A

A logic gate that produces an output when either/both inputs are high

92
Q

What is a NOT gate?

A

A logic gate that reverses the signal of input

93
Q

What is a truth table?

A

A way of showing all of the possible inputs to a system and describes all possible outputs

94
Q

What is a low level language?

A

A language that can be directly interpreted by a computer

95
Q

What is assembly language?

A

A language that uses mnemonics and has a one-to-one correlation with machine code

96
Q

What is machine code?

A

The most basic computer language, written in binary

97
Q

What is an interpreter?

A

A translator that converts each line of code into machine code, one after the other as the program is running

98
Q

What is a compiler?

A

A translator that converts all of the source code into machine code in one go to produce an executable file

99
Q

What does an assembler do

A

Translates assembly language into machine code

100
Q

What does a translator do?

A

A way of converting high level languages into machine code

101
Q

What is source code?

A

The programming language that a computer program has been written in

102
Q

What is object code?

A

Another word for machine code once the program has been translated

103
Q

What is an IDE?

A

Integrated development environment: software that allows programmers to write, edit and test their programs

104
Q

What is an editor?

A

Software that allows programmers to type their code

105
Q

What are error diagnostics?

A

A way of giving the programmer help with errors that stop the program running

106
Q

What is a run-time environment?

A

The software, interpreter, that allows the programmer to run their program

107
Q

What are debuggers?

A

Ways of tracking at errors

108
Q

What is a translator?

A

Software that converts source code into object code to be run on the computer

109
Q
A

COMPUTING GCSE PAPER 2 OCR J277 (5 decks)

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