Paper 2: Changing Economic World Flashcards
1
Q
What term is used to describe the progress of the country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced?
A
Development
2
Q
Identify the three broad groups used by the World Bank to classify countries according to their economic and social development.
A
Low-income countries, newly emerging economies and high-income countries.
3
Q
Which type of country are those that have a poor quality of life few opportunities and adequate services?
A
Low-income countries
4
Q
Which type of country is one where most people enjoy a good standard of living based on high levels of income?
A
High-income country
5
Q
Where are the majority of the worlds low-income countries located?
A
Africa
6
Q
Where are the majority of the worlds high-income countries located?
A
Europe, North America and Australasia
7
Q
How is the UK classified in terms of its economic and social development?
A
A high-income country
8
Q
Where are the majority of the worlds newly emerging economies located?
A
South America, Asia and Africa
9
Q
Identify three economic and/or social measures of development
A
Gross national income, birth-rate, death rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water and human development index
10
Q
What are the limitations of gross domestic income as a measure of development?
A
The average figures used can be misleading, if you very wealthy people in the country can distort the figures. In poorer countries, many people work in the informal sector or in agriculture where their income is not taken into account. People may not always be honest about their income because this data is sensitive.
11
Q
What are the limitations of using death rates as a measure of a country?s development?
A
Death rates can be high in some low-income countries due to poverty but can also be high in high-income countries where there are many elderly people dying of old age
12
Q
What are the limitations of using infant mortality as a measure of development?
A
In the poorest countries, not all deaths of children are reported particularly in remote rural areas. The true death rate may be even higher.
13
Q
Why is the human development index one of the most commonly used measures of development?
A
It takes into consideration a range of data which means it is a fairer measure of development.
14
Q
What is the demographic transition model?
A
It is a graph that plots changes in birth-rates and death rates over time and shows how the total population grows as the results of these.
15
Q
What does the demographic transition model not show the effects of?
A
Migration
16
Q
Which stage of the demographic transition model features high birth and death rates?
A
Stage one
17
Q
In which stage of the demographic transition model does natural increase in population decline most rapidly?
A
Stage three
18
Q
What happens to the total population in stage five of the demographic transition model?
A
It declines
19
Q
Why do death rates drop rapidly during stage two of the demographic transition model?
A
Improvements in healthcare living conditions reduce the infant mortality rate. This lowers the death rate as my children are likely to survive beyond infancy.
20
Q
In which stage of the demographic transition model at the majority of the world?s high-income countries?
A
Stage four
21
Q
What is the development gap?
A
Variations in levels of development across the world.
22
Q
Identify three physical causes of uneven development.
A
Weather and climate, relief, landlocked countries, tropical environment and water shortages.
23
Q
Why are landlocked countries typically less developed?
A
Countries without a coastline cannot trade using the sea.
24
Q
How do weather and climate affect development?
A
Areas that experience extreme conditions such as heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat or cold and vulnerability to tropical storms generate challenging conditions but economic development.
25
Identify the two main economic factors that cause uneven development.
Poverty and trade
26
Why does a country?s reliance on trading raw materials limit its economic development?
Raw materials such as agricultural products or minerals have a lower value than higher value processed goods. Also, the value of raw materials fluctuates wildly, causing great uncertainty and instability as countries try to become developed. This imbalance has made high-income countries richer and increased the global development gap
27
How has the colonisation of many low-income countries led to many of them not experiencing significant economic growth?
Many countries colonised by European empires were exploited for raw materials. Over 10million people were forced to work as slaves. During the colonial era, global development became uneven. Since independence, many former colonies have been affected by power struggles and civil wars. They have had to cope with 100s of years of exploitation. They face poor infrastructure & political instability.
28
Identify two consequences of uneven development.
Significant differences in wealth and health along with high levels of international migration.
29
Which continent Holds 35% of the world?s total wealth?
North America
30
Which continent accounts for only about 1% of the world?s wealth?
Africa
31
Why do the majority of people in low-income countries tend to experience poor healthcare?
Limited access to doctors, health clinics or hospitals. In extreme cases, people can suffer from malnutrition or malnourishment. Diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis account for many deaths.
32
Identify the two different types of international migrants.
Economic migrants and refugees.
33
Outline the difference between an economic migrant and a refugee?
An economic migrant is a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life in another country, whereas a refugee is a person who is been forced to move, often due to conflict or a natural disaster and seeks safety in a foreign country.
34
Identify at least three strategies that can be used to reduce the development gap.
Investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, intermediate technology, fair trade, debt relief and microfinance loans.
35
Outline how aid can be used to reduce the development gap.
Long-term aid can support development projects such as improving water supply, sanitation and the provision of energy.
36
What are microfinance loans?
Small-scale financial Support to help community groups or individuals to start small businesses. When successful, these businesses create jobs and increase people?s incomes.
37
Outline how tourism can help reduce the development gap.
Tourism provides a valuable source of foreign exchange and can often lead to improvements in infrastructure, education and health care. Tourism also creates employment opportunities to raise incomes.
38
Using an example explain how the growth of tourism can reduce the development gap in an LIC or NEE.
Jamaica is an NEE. Tourism has played a major part in its development. It contributes 24% to Jamaica's GNI. Tourists spend money in local businesses, providing more employment opportunities (200,000 jobs). It has also led to improvements to infrastructure and quality of life.
39
Using an example explain how the growth of tourism has caused challenges
Jamaica - development has not been even. Tourist destinations like Montego Bay have rapidly improved while other areas have high levels of deprivation. Litter and air pollution from cruise ships have damaged the environment.
40
Describe Nigeria?s location
Nigeria is located in West Africa and is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Benin. To the south it borders the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean.
41
Describe Nigeria?s climate
It experiences a range of climates including tropical rainforest in the south and semi-desert in the north.
42
Describe Nigeria?s global importance
World?s 21st largest economy. 7th largest population in the world. Twelfth largest oil producer in the world. Lagos is a thriving world city, with a strong financial and economic base. Nigeria plays an important role in peacekeeping around the world.
43
Describe Nigeria?s regional importance
It is the most populous and economically powerful country in Africa. Its economic growth is the result of oil, helping the country transform from an LIC to an NEE. It is the fastest growing economy in Africa.
44
Give two characteristics of Nigeria?s political context.
European colonisers exploited African resources and promoted slavery for many years. Nigeria achieved independence from the UK in 1960. Colonialism left Nigeria with an unstable political system, leading to a Civil War between 1967 and 1970. Since 1999 the country has been more stable, enjoying fair elections in 2011 and 2015. This has encouraged investment from countries such as China South Africa and the USA.
45
Give two characteristics of Nigeria?s social context.
Nigeria has a multicultural, multi-faith society. It has several tribes including the Yoruba, Hausa and Fulani. Christianity and Islam are practiced widely. One of Nigeria?s greatest strengths is its social diversity; however, it has led to regional conflicts. Economic development has been hindered by the rise of the Islamic fundamentalist group Boko Haram.
46
Give two characteristics of Nigeria?s cultural context.
Social diversity has created a rich and varied culture. It has a thriving music film and literary sectors. Its film industry Is known as Nollywood and is one of the largest in the world. The national football team has won the African cup of Nations three times, and several players feature in the Premier League.
47
Give two characteristics of Nigeria?s environmental context.
To the south of Nigeria, high rainfall and high temperatures have encouraged tropical rainforest growth. Cocoa, rubber and palm oil are common crops in this region. To the drier north Grassland replaces rainforest. Field crops such as cotton, groundnuts and millet are common as is cattle grazing. To the very north, the semi-desert conditions are ideal for nomadic grazing of cattle.
48
How is Nigeria?s industrial structure changing?
Nigeria?s industrial structure has changed significantly. The agricultural sector once dominated it. However, rapid industrialisation has led to over 50% of the country?s gross domestic product coming from the manufacturing and service sectors. Manufacturing is the fastest growing sector in Nigeria. This is because it has a large, cheap workforce and its large population provides a significant market.
49
How can the manufacturing industry stimulate economic growth?
It encourages the establishment and growth of the industry is linked to the sector such as supplying role materials or components. It stimulates the growth of the service sector including finance, retail and communications. Increased employment and wages lead to greater consumer demand Which leads to market growth leading to further demand for goods and investment in the Manufacturing industry.
50
What is a TNC?
A trans-national corporation a company that operates in several different countries.
51
How important are TNCs in Nigeria?s economic development?
TNCs are very important to Nigeria. There are currently around 40 TNCs operating in Nigeria. They have played a very important role in Nigeria?s recent economic growth.
52
What are the advantages of TNCs?
Provide employment and training. Introduce modern technology. They often invest in developing the local infrastructure such as roads, electric and social amenities. International business links help industries thrive. Export taxes collected by the government can be spent on improving healthcare, education and services.
53
What are the disadvantages of TNCs?
Some TNCs avoid paying local taxes. Working conditions may be poor, with lower wages and poorer working conditions. Environmental damage may occur. Foreign nationals tend to take the higher paid management jobs. Most profits leave the country and benefit the TNCs home country. Incentives used to encourage TNCs to locate within a country could be spent on developing industry within the country.
54
How have Nigeria?s political relationships with the rest of the world changed?
Since becoming independent in 1960, Nigeria has been part of the Commonwealth maintaining strong links with the UK and has developed links with other countries. It plays a leading role in Africa through economic planning through the African Union and peace-keeping with the United Nations. It has benefited building links with China, including the development of a new US$12 billion 1,400 km railway.
55
How have Nigeria?s trading relationships with the rest of the world changed?
Strong trading relationships including imports of refined petroleum products from the EU and the USA, mobile phones from China & cars from Brazil . 50% of Nigeria?s exports are to the EU, including crude oil, natural gas & cotton. 30% of its cotton is exported to Australia. Nigeria is also a member of a number of trading unions including ECOWAS and OPEC.
56
How have poor people benefited from international aid?
Poor people have benefited through community-based projects that are supported by small charities and NGOs. . Anti-mosquito nets have been provided by ?Nets for Life?. This reduces the risk of people getting malaria. People have been educated and protected from HIV by aid from the USA.
57
Give two environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria.
Oil spills and fires in the Niger Delta, damaging marine ecosystems. 20 km2 of natural swamps have been devastated by oil spills close to Bodo on the Niger Delta. ] Up to 80% of Nigeria?s rainforest has been deforested. Burning forest results in CO2 being released into the atmosphere. Forest removal also results in soil erosion. Ground water supplies have been poisoned as the result of waste disposal.
58
Give three ways economic development in Nigeria has had an impact on people?s quality of life.
An increase in life expectancy from 45.6 to 52.5. Safe water access has increased from 46% to 64%. Years of schooling has increased from 6.7 to 9.0. 37% of Nigerians have access to the internet and 70% has mobile phones
59
What challenges must Nigeria overcome for its population to benefit from further economic development?
Government corruption will need to be challenged. Money made from oil will need to be reinvested across other areas of the economy. Environmental issues such as rainforest deforestation, soil erosion and desertification will need to be reversed. Ethnic conflicts will need to be addressed sensitively. Basic water provision and sanitation needs to be available to all.
60
Which type of industry dominated the UK?s economy at the height of the industrial revolution?
Manufacturing or secondary industry
61
Why did the primary sector decline during the 20th century?
The primary sector declined due to the increased use of machinery
62
Since the 1960s the manufacturing sector in the UK has declined dramatically. Give two reasons for this.
Increased mechanisation and competition from abroad
63
What are the three main courses of economic change in the UK?
Deindustrialisation, globalisation and government policies.
64
What is deindustrialisation?
Deindustrialisation is the decline in traditional heavy industries
65
Identify at least one region affected by deindustrialisation in the UK
South Wales, Yorkshire, north-east England and Clydeside.
66
Give one impact of the decline of manufacturing and closure of coal mines from the 1970s.
Unemployment, low incomes and environmental dereliction.
67
What is globalisation?
The process by which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start operating on a global scale.
68
Give a brief overview of how government policy addressed economic change between 1945 and 1979
The government created state run industries support the declining heavy industries in the UK and protect jobs.
69
Give a brief overview of how government policy addressed economic change between 1979 and 2010.
State-run industries were privatised and many heavy industries closed down causing job losses. Former industrial areas such as London?s Docklands were transformed into financial centres, offices and retail parks as a service sector started to grow
70
Give a brief overview of how government policy addressed economic change from 2010 onwards
Since 2010 the government has attempted to rebalance the economy by encouraging investment in the high-tech manufacturing sector, which includes aerospace and computer engineering. This also involves investing in transport infrastructure including HS2. Financial incentives and support are now available to encourage small businesses to set up in the UK.
71
Since the 1970s the UK has moved towards a post-industrial economy. Identify the three main sectors this has involved.
Information technology, service industries, research and development.
72
Give three ways information technology has affected people?s lives and economic development in the UK
1.3 million people work in the IT sector in the UK. The Internet and computers enable people to work from home and be self-employed. Information can be accessed almost any way using mobile devices such as smartphones. Computers can store and process significant amounts of information quickly. Specialist manufacturing industries as well as service industries have been stimulated by developments in technology.
73
What are service industries?
Service industries provide support and services rather than manufacturing physical products.
74
What is the importance of service industries in the UK economy?
It is the largest sector in the UK in terms of employment and economic output. Financial sector employs over 2 million people. It also contributes around 10% of the U.K.?s gross domestic product. The UK is the world?s leading centre for financial management.
75
Give two effects developments in the research have had on the UK economy.
Over 60,000 educated people are employed in research. Research contributes 3 billion to the UK economy. Research is linked to UK universities such as Cambridge, Oxford and Manchester. Research is likely to be one of the U.K.s fastest growing industrial sectors in the future.
76
What have been the benefits of science parks on the UK economy?
Many recent graduates are employed in research and development in science parks where they apply their academic knowledge to business development. Many businesses in science parks benefit from sharing facilities and collaboration. Around 75,000 people are employed in over 100 science parks in the UK.
77
Where are science parks typically located?
Science parks are often located on the edge of university cities where they benefit from good transport links and often enjoy attractive working environments.
78
What is a business Park?
A business park is a group of small businesses on a single plot of land. They are usually located on the edge of towns and cities, but land values are cheaper and there are good road communications.
79
Identify two impacts industrial growth has had on the physical environment in the past?
In coal mining areas ugly spoil heaps transformed the natural landscape. Land and water supplies were polluted by waste materials. Air pollution from gas and soot emissions from burning coal created smog in built-up areas in the 1950s.
80
For an example you have studied explain how a modern UK industry is environmentally sustainable.
Torr quarry, Somerset - Limestone chippings are transported by rail instead of road, to reduce the environmental impact. Noise, water quality and airborne emissions are monitored regularly. 80 ha of land has already been restored with grass and trees. In the future restoration will include the creation of lakes for wildlife and recreation.
81
Why are some rural landscapes in the UK experience in population decline?
Some rural areas are experiencing population decline as young people move away to see jobs elsewhere.
82
Why are some rural landscapes in the UK Experiencing population growth?
Some rural areas are experiencing population growth particularly those close to thriving towns and cities as people are prepared to commute.
83
For a rural area you have studied, identify the social changes as the result of population growth.
Increased demand for housing and modern developments in villages result in rising house prices which causes tensions with local people. If the majority of residents are commuters then the village can become very quiet during the day and lose that sense of community and identity. Resentment may be felt towards migrants in the community.
84
For a rural area you have studied, identify the economic changes as the result of population growth.
There becomes a lack of affordable housing for local people. Local services, such as village shops, may be forced to close as commuters shop in larger urban areas. Farm employment may be reduced as agricultural land is sold.
85
For a rural area you have studied, identify the social changes as the result of population decline.
The islands have an ageing population due to the outmigration of young people. The ageing population will require more care which will have social and economic impact. Further decline in farming and fishing could occur as there are fewer people of working age in the area. Schools close due to fewer children.
86
For a rural area you have studied, identify the economic changes as the result of population decline.
Some post offices have had to close due to the decline in population. Continuing to provide various other services is expensive. Traditional fishing has significantly declined a few boats in the area. Due to foreign boats, shellfish production has increased. The infrastructure is struggling to cope with the increasing number of tourists which has now become an essential economic activity in the area.
87
Why is the U.K.?s transport infrastructure under pressure?
The U.K.?s transport infrastructure is under pressure as car ownership increases and economic growth requires greater rail, airport and port capacity.
88
What did the government launch in 2014 to improve road condition and capacity?
The government launched a 15 billion pound road improvement strategy
89
Give an overview of the strategy.
The strategy involves many stretches of the motorway being converted into smart motorways which helps traffic flow to the controlled reducing congestion. Over 100 new road schemes, will be in place by 2020. 1600 km of new lanes will be added to motorways and major roads.
90
Identify two benefits of the road improvement strategy.
Benefits will include creating jobs in construction for hundreds of people and the development should boost local and regional economies.
91
Describe a way the UK rail network is being developed.
HS2 is a 50 billion pound project that involves constructing a high-speed rail line between London and Birmingham then onto Manchester Leeds and Sheffield.
92
Give two reasons why HS2 should go ahead.
It will create thousands of jobs; it is estimated it will generate 40 billion pounds to the UK economy. The number of rail passengers will increase making transport more sustainable. It will help reduce the number of people flying between UK cities. Travel between the cities will be quicker.
93
Give two reasons for objections to HS2.
It is likely to benefit London most of all as people will commute there instead. The cost of HS2 is estimated to be 42 billion pounds. Existing rail routes could be improved to increase capacity instead. It will cause damage to ancient woodland.
94
Give two reasons why ports are so important to the U.K. economy.
Ports are important to the UK economy as the UK is a trading nation importing and exporting goods through many of its large ports. The port industry is the largest in Europe employing 120,000 people and handling 32 million passengers a year.
95
What developments have occurred in UK airports?
Airports account for 3.6% of the U.Ks gross domestic product. They are extremely important to the U.K.s economic development, thousands of jobs are provided boosting local economies. 750,000 flights depart from the UK every year and 2 million tons of freight pass through the U.Ks airports.
96
What is the north-south divide?
The north-south divide is used to describe the cultural and economic differences between the south of England and the rest of the UK.
97
Give two economic disparities between the south of England and the rest of the UK
People in the south tend to have a higher standard of living, higher incomes and longer life expectancy than those in the north. House prices are higher in the south due to high demand. Unemployment rates in the north are higher than in the south.
98
Explain the cause of the north south-divide.
Deindustrialisation is the main cause of the north-south divide as traditional industries were traditionally located close to raw materials which are largely found in the north as well as South Wales. As the northern economy declined the south grew rapidly due to the growth of the service sector and the dominance of London.
99
Identify three strategies being used to address the north-south divide
Strategies include Government incentive packages to TNCs, planned transport improvements, Enterprise Zones, the Northern Powerhouse concept and Local Enterprise Partnerships.
100
Why did the UK use to be one of the world?s most powerful political and trading nations?
The British Empire once covered 1/3 of the world's land area.
101
How does the UK have political, economic and cultural influence around the world?
It has influence in organisations such as the G8, NATO and the United Nations Security Council.
102
Identify two ways the UK has trade links with the wider world.
It trades with many countries by air, sea and rail (Channel Tunnel). Its main trading partner is the EU. The USA is the main destination for exports and Germany is the main source of imports. The internet is increasingly important in the world of finance and in creative sectors. After Brexit the UK is likely to have stronger links with countries beyond the EU.
103
Identify two ways the UK has cultural links with the wider world.
TV is one of the main creative industries worth over 1.2 billion pounds. The UK exports popular TV series such as Downton Abbey and Doctor Who. Music, fashion and films are particularly important exports to the English-speaking world.
104
Identify two ways the UK has transport links with the wider world.
The UK's trading history has led to the development of major ports and airports. The UK is linked to mainland Europe by the Channel Tunnel. Cruises, from ports such as Southampton, transport people to destinations around the world.
105
Identify two ways the UK has electronic communications with the wider world.
The internet is becoming an increasingly important aspect of global communications. The UK is a hub for the global network of submarine cables.
106
What effect has membership of the EU had on the UK?
Goods, labour, services and money can move freely between countries. European Funds support regional development. Migrant labour complete jobs that are unpopular with UK citizens. The Single Payment Scheme supports farmers. EU laws and regulations affect working practices, product standards, consumer rights and environmental standards. The UK pays around 1.1% of Government spending into the EU Budget.
107
Give two examples of the U.K.?s political and economic links with the Commonwealth.
The heads of each country meet every two years to discuss concerns and work together to promote sustainable development. Many people of British descent now live in Commonwealth countries and vice-versa. This has established strong cultural links between countries and has encouraged trade and business. The Commonwealth Games is an example of a cultural and sporting event.
