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Biology > Paper 2: B5: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Paper 2: B5: Homeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

an organisms ability to regulate/ control it’s internal conditions so crucial reactions can happen at optimum rates

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2
Q

Nervous system is made up of:

A

CNS: central nervous system
PNS: peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system
brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

all other nerves

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5
Q

receptor

A

detects a change due to a stimulus (change in environment)

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6
Q

Nerve travels how?

A

receptor —> sensory neurone —-> relay neurone —-> motor neurone —-> CNS —-> effector —> muscle or gland

travels between neurones via the neurotransmitter chemicals in the synapse (gap of empty space between both ends of a neurone)

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7
Q

reflex arc

A

signal bypasses the brain and goes straight through spine to the effector - much faster than a conscious decision

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8
Q

Practical: reaction times

A
  1. drop ruler between finger and thumb
  2. measure distance fallen before caught, repeat, calculate mean
  3. independent vatiable: Stimulant (eg energy drink or coffee) increases neurotransmission
  4. depressant (alcohol) decreases neurotransmission
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9
Q

Cerebral cortex (brain)

A

responsible for higher level functions:
- memory
- speech
- problem solving

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10
Q

Cerebellum (brain)

A

Responsible for motor skills:
- movement
- balance
- coordination

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata ( brain )

A

Controls unconscious actions:
- heart and breathing rate
- signals to adrenal glands to release adrenaline

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12
Q

Pituitary gland ( brain )

A

allows doctors to see brain activity without surgery via MRI scans

master gland: sends signals to other glands

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13
Q

Accommodation for far objects

A

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten, thin lens meaning light is only refracted a little bit, focusing the light on the retina

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14
Q

accommodation for near objects:

A

ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken, thick lens meaning light is refracted more, meaning the light comming from the object converges to the retina so you can see a clear image

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15
Q

pupil

A

hole in the iris
can change size depending on the light intensity hitting the eye

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16
Q

cornea

A

transparent outer layer through which light enters the eye
has a slight lensing effect

17
Q

sclera

A

white surface covering the rest of the eyeball

18
Q

Retina cells

A
  • rods: only detect light intensity
  • cones, three types, which detect green blue or red wavelengths of light
19
Q

optic nerve

A

provides information from the retina to the brain

20
Q

Myopia

A

short sightedness

21
Q

hyperopia

A

long sightedness

22
Q

how can myopia and hyperopia be treated?

A

both treated with glasses, contact lenses or laser eye surgery

23
Q

thermoregulation

A

body controlling it’s internal temp by the brain sensing blood temp then sending nervous and hormonal signals to various effectors around your body in order for the body to lose heat to its surroundings

24
Q

Examples of thermoregulation (hot)

A

Vasodilation: blood vessels dilating (widening) to increase blood flow to the skin to increase rate of heat loss

Sweating: sweat glands produce water which evaporated taking away heat

25
Q

Examples of thermoregulation (cold)

A
  • hairs stand on end to trap air - insulation
  • shivering - muscles produce more heat
  • vasoconstriction: blood vessels contract to minimise blood flow to skin, minimising heat loss
26
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands that secrete hormones to send signals to effectors, transported via blood (slower than nervous system)

27
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin (and glucagon) to control blood sugar

28
Q

thyroid

A

controls growth, metabolism digestive function

29
Q

adrenal gland

A

releases adrenaline

30
Q

ovaries

A

release eggs and secrete hormones

31
Q

testes

A

produce sperm

32
Q

high blood glucose levels:

A
  • pancreas’s secretes insulinę
  • causes glucose to move from bloodstream into cells to be used for respiration
  • excess glucose converted into glycogen as energy store
33
Q

Glycogen

A
  • excess glucose is converted into glycogen as energy store
34
Q

low blood glucose levels

A
  • pancreas secretes glucagon
  • causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
    ( example of negative feedback)
35
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, injections needed

36
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

cells no longer absorb glucose as they should
obesity increases risk of developing this type of

Biology (5 decks)

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