Paper 2 Advanced Info

Question 1

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?

Answer 1

• Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified, counted or measured, and given a numerical value.
• Qualitative data is descriptive in nature, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values.

Question 2

What is the difference between objective and subjective data?

Answer 2

• A subjective point of view focuses on a personal interpretation of the subject.
• An objective viewpoint is based on factual data.

Question 3

What is the difference between validity and reliability?

Answer 3

• Reliability is about the consistency of a measure.

- Validity is about the accuracy of a measure.

Question 4

What are the benefits of a warm up?

Answer 4

Increased flexibility. Being more flexible can make it easier to move and exercise correctly.
Lower risk of injury.
Increased blood flow and oxygen.
Improved performance. 
Better range of motion.
Less muscle tension and pain.

Question 5

What are the benefits of a cool down?

Answer 5

• Allows your body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate to return to their normal levels.
• Stretching your muscles while they’re still warm can help to reduce lactic acid buildup , reducing your chance of muscle cramps and stiffness.

Question 6

What is the difference between ballistic stretching and static stretching?

Answer 6

• Static stretching is the most commonly used and involves lengthening a muscle to the point of discomfort and then holding that position for a short period of time.
• Ballistic stretching involves continuous bouncing movements at the end ROM where the muscle is at maximal length.

Question 7

What are the principles of training?

Answer 7

Specificity - link to energy systems, muscle fibre type, skills and movements.
Progressive - gradually training harder over a training programme.
Overload - increasing weight etc.
Reversibility - adaptations of a training programme deteriorates if training stops.
Tedium

Frequency - how often you train.
Intensity - training harder.
Time - time spent training should increase.
Type - the variety of exercise maintains motivation and avoids tedium.

Question 8

What are the three types of periodisation?

Answer 8

Macro Cycle - a large cycle with a long-term performance goal. Involves a preparation, competition, and transition phase.
Meso Cycle - usually 4-12 week period of training with a particular task-orientated goal.
Micro Cycle - one week or few days of training that is repeated throughout the length of the mesocycle

Question 9

What is tapering and peaking?

Answer 9

Tapering - a reduction in the volume of training prior to a major competition.

Peaking - planning and organizing training so a performer is at their peak, both physically and mentally at a time of competition.

Question 10

What are the two types of injury?

Answer 10

Acute - an injury that occurs suddenly during exercise or competition e.g. A a sprained ankle, torn ligament, strained hamstring;

Chronic - occurs over a long period of time when playing sport or exercising - often termed over-use injuries from repeated actions. Develop slowly and can last a long time, often ignored which makes injury worse e.g. Achilles tendonitis, plantar fascitis, tennis elbow, stress fracture.

Question 11

Injury prevention: what is screening?

Answer 11

Using a screening tool to identify imbalances and asymmetries in common movements and use that information to locate areas of weakness.

Question 12

What other methods are there of injury prevention?

Answer 12

• Warm-up / Cooldown
• Protective equipment
• Taping / Bracing
• Flexibility & mobility training

Question 13

Injury rehabilitation: proprioceptive training.

Answer 13

• an intervention that targets the improvement of proprioceptive function

Question 14

Injury rehabilitation: strength training.

Answer 14

• Building and strengthening the structures e.g. ligaments, tendons, and muscles around previously damaged or injured joints literally helps support and take load and pressure off the joint itself.
• This in turn will reduce pain and discomfort whilst helping build the affected area back to full function.

Question 15

Injury rehabilitation: hyperbaric chambers.

Answer 15

Hyperbaric oxygen helps with the reduction of swelling and facilitates soft tissue healing at 250kPa

Question 16

Injury rehabilitation: cryotherapy.

Answer 16

The cold constricts blood vessels in the iced area, sending blood away from that part of your body and toward your core and vital organs. -85 to -115 degrees celcius

Question 17

Injury rehabilitation: hydrotherapy.

Answer 17

• Hydrotherapy greatly reduces pain and muscle spasms and decreases joint stress.
• At the same time, it increases strength and range of movement, improves balance and coordination, and increases your feeling of achievement even in the acute stages of rehabilitation.

Question 18

What are the three factors affecting horizontal displacement of projectiles?

Answer 18

• Height of release.
• Speed of release.
• Angle of release.

The optimum angle of release is determined by release height and landing height. If they are equal, it should be 45 degrees. If the height of release is below the landing height then the angle should be greater than 45 degrees and vice versa.

Question 19

What is the Bernoulli principle?

Answer 19

• When air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and the more pressure the slower they travel.
• A discus thrown at the correct angle of attack will experience a lift force. Air flows more quickly over the top of the discus than under it. The faster-moving air creates less pressure above the discus and the slower air under it causes a higher pressure below it.
• angle of attack
• shape of protective

The pressure differential of high pressure below the discus and low pressure above means air moves from high to low, causing an upward lift.

Question 20

Attitudes: the triadic model

Answer 20

Attitude component - an attitude is made up of 3 parts:

• The cognitive part - represents your beliefs and thoughts
• The affective part - concerns feelings and emotions and how they are interpreted
• The behavioral part - reflects what you do, shown by actions and habits

Question 21

How can attitudes be changed?

Answer 21

• Cognitive dissonance - the coach attempts to put pressure on one or more of the attitude components so the performer becomes uneasy and is motivated to change their existing attitude.
• Persuasive communication - where performers are talked into changing their attitudes.

Question 22

What is an attribution?

Answer 22

a perception of the reason for an outcome of an event.

Question 23

What is a stable and unstable attribute?

Answer 23

Stable - unlikely to change in the short term.

Unstable - potential to change in the short term.

Question 24

What is self serving bias and leaned helplessness?

Answer 24

Self-serving bias - using external and/or unstable reasons for losing.

Learned helplessness - using internal and stable reasons for losing.

Question 25

What is Bandura’s model of self efficacy?

Answer 25

• Self-confidence in any one moment can vary with the situation and can vary from moment to moment.

Question 26

What 4 factors affect self-efficacy?

Answer 26

• Performance accomplishments: what you have achieved already.
• Vicarious experience: seeing others do the task.
• Verbal persuasion: encouragement from others.
• Emotional arousal: effects of anxiety on performance.

Question 27

What are the three leadership styles?

Answer 27

• Autocratic: leader makes all decisions.
• Democratic: decisions are made by group consultation.
• Laissez-faire: leader leaves the decisions to the group.

Question 28

What are the two types of leader?

Answer 28

• Prescribed: appointed from outside the group.

- Emergent: appointed from within the group.

Question 29

What is Fiedler’s contingency model of leadership?

Answer 29

• The belief that the best type of leadership style depends on the situation.
• The autocratic style is best used in a most favourable situation and least favourable situation.

Question 30

What is Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of leadership?

Answer 30

• There are other factors apart from the situation which affect the leadership style.
• A combination of required behavior, actual behavior, and preferred behaviour will suggest to the leader which style of leadership is optimum.

Question 31

Define: sportsmanship, gamesmanship, positive/negative deviance, and ‘Lombardian ethic’.

Answer 31

• Sportsmanship: playing within the rules within the spirit of the sport.
• Gamesmanship: deliberately bending the rules to gain an advantage.
• Positive deviance: trying hard to win by doing something outside the norms of society.
• Negative deviance: cheating which has a detrimental effect.
• The ‘Lombardian ethic’: a win at all costs attitude.

Question 32

What is the Taylor Report?

Answer 32

Sports legislation was commissioned after Hillsborough where fans must now act within the law.
- For example, it is now illegal to trespass onto the field of play.

Question 33

What are the positives and negatives of commercialisation?

Answer 33

Positives

• Increased revenue helps individual sportspeople and sports organisations to increase participation, improve performances and attract support.
• Technological aids e.g. TMO, VAR, DRS.

Negatives

• More money to major sports and performers, so less funds to minority sports.
• Can expose poor behaviour by teams/performers and potential danger of some activities.
• Role models behaviour is exposed, poor behaviour on and off the performance area is exposed, and quickly.

Question 34

What are the positives and negatives of sponsorship?

Answer 34

Positives

• Increased prize money, extrinsic rewards, and wages.
• Increased availability of professional contracts where performers are able to devote themselves full time to sport.
• Increased funding to play for access to high-quality training support and specialist equipment.

Negatives

• Increased pressure to win and a win at all costs attitude to maintain high-level prize money and sponsor deals.
• Inequality of funding meaning performers in minority sports miss out on funding and full time professional opportunities

Question 35

What are the positives and negatives of the media?

Answer 35

Positives

• Increases the profile of sport and individual performance within it.
• Increase participation levels within a sport as a result of TV coverage that encourages others to take it up.
• More variations of a sport are developed to make it more media-friendly meaning more matches and fixtures.

Negatives

• NGB / sports performers lose control to the TV/ sponsors.
• Inequalities of coverage- more popular sports such as football gain at the expense of minorities.
• Demands of media and sponsors negatively impact high-level performers.
• More breaks in play eg, adverts

Question 36

Recovery methods: compression garments

Answer 36

Used to improve blood circulation and prevent problems such as Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).

Helps blood lactate removal and reduce both inflammation and symptoms of DOMS

Question 37

Recovery methods: massage

Answer 37

Relieves soft tissue injuries by increasing blood flow
Removes lactic acid
Relieves tension and pressure
Breaks down scar tissue which can lead to mobility issues

Question 38

Recovery methods: ice baths

Answer 38

5-10mins
Coldness constricts blood out the legs and with it, flushes out lactic acid.
After the bath, new blood is circulated to the legs with new oxygen to help the cells function better

Question 39

Importance of sleep and nutrition

Answer 39

Deep sleep is important for muscle recovery which is the third stage of Non-REM sleep. At this stage, brain waves are at their slowest meaning blood is directed away from the brain and towards the muscles to restore energy. Optimum of 8-9 hours of sleep.

Replenishing glycogen stores within 20 mins after exercise helps to enhance performance the next day. Chocolate milk is a good source to take as it can be absorbed much faster than food whilst also hydrating the athlete.