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Biology Mocks january > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a simple response pattern?

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> coordinator -> effector -> response

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2
Q

What is a taxis response?

A

Taxis is a mobile organisms response to an environmental stimulus by moving either towards a favourable stimulus or away from an u favourable one

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3
Q

What is a kineses response?

A

An organism doesn’t move towards or away but instead changes the speed of movement and the direction of movement in response to stimuli

Such as the wood lice experiment using a choice chamber and different conditions to see where they go

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4
Q

What happens in the light dependant reaction?

A

-light hits chlorophyll molecule in bilayer of chloroplast membrane which excites electrons
This also causes the photolysis of water (H2O-> 1/2 O2 + H2)
- the electrons pass along the electron transport chain in a series of redox reactions
- energy is released and this is used to actively transport H+ ions across membraine creating a conc gradient
-an electron is used to reduce NADP to NADPH
- H+ ions move down conc gradient through ATP synthase channel catalysisng ATP production

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5
Q

Describe the light independent reaction?

A
  • CO2 from the atmosphere diffuses into the lead through the stomata and into the stroma of chloroplast
  • CO2 reacts with RUBP producing 2x GP this is catalysed by rubisco enzyme
  • reduced NADP is used to reduce GP to TP using ATP energy NADP+ reforms
  • some TP concerted to glucose and other organic molecules and most is used to regenerate RUBP using ATP
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6
Q

What is the first stage of respiration? And what happens?

A

GLYCOLYSIS

  • glucose molecule is phosphorylated forming phosphoryalted glucose molecule this uses two ATP molecules
  • This splits into two molecules of TP
  • NAD is reduced
  • each TP molecule forms a puruvate molecule and two ATP molecules are formed.
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7
Q

What’s is the second stage of respiration?

A

Link reaction

  • occurs twice for each molecule of glucose seen as two pyruvate molecules enter the reaction
  • pyruvate looses a molecule of CO2 in decarboxylation forming an acetate molecule NAD is reduced
  • acetate combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A
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8
Q

What is the third stage of respiration?

A

The kerbs cycle:
-acetyl coenzyme A combines with a 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacerate) forming a 6 C molecule. This looses two CO2 molecules NAD and FAS are reduced. And ATP is produced in substrate level phosphorylation

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9
Q

What is the final stage of respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

  • ATP is synthesised as H+ pass through the ATP synthase Chanel.
  • electrons pass down the ETC providing energy for H+ to be passed a cross mitochondrial membraine maintains a steep conc gradient
  • reduced FAD + NAD provide electrons and protons and are themselves oxidised
  • the electrons and protons are picked up but the final carrier- oxygen forming a molecule of water
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10
Q

What are the two types of sampling?

A

Random sampling e.g using frame or point quadrants

Systematic sampling e.g along a belt transects

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11
Q

What are the two types of quadrat?

A

Point- a horizontal bar with 10 holes where a long needle is dropped and what ever it touches is recorded
Frame - 1m2 frame with equal divisions

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12
Q

What are the factors to consider when sampling?

A
  1. the size of the quadrat needed depends on the size and distribution of species
  2. Number of quadrat a to record without taking to long and to still get reliable results
  3. Positioning of quadrat must be random
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13
Q

How do you sample at random?

A
  • lay out two tape measures to create and axis
  • randomly generate coordinates from computer
  • place quadrat af coordinates and record what’s there
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14
Q

What is systematic sampling along a belt transects?

A

It is used to measure gradual change e.g succession in sand dunes

  • a rope or string is layer out across the ground and the quadrat is laid out at intervals along the continuous belt
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15
Q

What’s the capture recapture formula and what are the assumptions?

A

Estimated population size = total number in first sample X total number in second sample / number of marked individuals recaptured

Assumptions:

  • the released marked individuals evenly distributed themselves
  • no immigration or emigration
  • no death or birth
  • the method of marking isn’t removed and doesn’t impact the chance of survival
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16
Q

What’s the role of mycorrhizae?

A

They are associations between certain fungi and many plants they act as extensions of the roots increasing their surface area allowing for easier uptake of water and ions especially valuable in the phosphorus cycle as it is a more scarce mineral to obtain.

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17
Q

What is speciation?

A

The evolution of a new species from existing ones

18
Q

Species definition?

A

A group of individuals with common ancestry sharing the same genes but different alleles that can interbreed to successfully produce fertile offspring

19
Q

How is a new species formed?

A

Reproductive separation followed by genetic change due to natural selection.
Different populations in slightly different environments will face different selection pressures and natural selection will lead to changes in allelic frequency over time changes in the populations may make successful interbreeding impossible= new species formed

20
Q

What’s genetic drift?

A

Occurs more prominently in small populations due to smaller numbers of members so smaller genetic diversity and if a mutation occurs and this is favourable it will increase in frequency rather quickly due to small gene pool so populations can change resulting in new species

21
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Populations of species become geographically isolated perhaps due to a physical barrier preventing interbreeding

22
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Within a population in the same area that become reproductively separate

23
Q

What is a genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype- the genetic make up of an individual (the alleles it possesses for that character)
Phenotype- the observable/ biochemical characteristic expressed

24
Q

What is a gene and an allele?

A

A gene- a length of DNA a sequence of nucleotides that code for a particular polypeptide
An allele- a version of a gene

25
Q

What does homozygous and heterozygous mean?

A

Homozygous means having two of the same allele for a particular characteristic
Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a characteristic

26
Q

What is codominat alleles and multiple alleles?

A

Codominance is when both alleles are equally dominant and contribute to the phenotype
Multiple alleles means the organism has more than two allelic varieties of the gene for a particular characteristic

27
Q

What is the basic law of genetics?

A

In diploid organisms characteristics are determined by alleles that occur in pairs only one of these alleles can be present in a single gamete

28
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of two charectoristics determined by two different genes located on different chromosomes

29
Q

What did Mendels pea plant experiment show about dihybrid inheritance?

A

Seed coulor and shape where inherited together -
Colour - yellow is dominant to green
Shape- round is dominant to wrinkled
When two heterozygous F1 offspring were crossed (RrGg) it lead to the ratio of 9:3:3:1 of round yellow: round green : wrinkled yellow: wrinkled green
Leading to his law of independent assortment which states that each memeber of a pair of alleles may combine randomly with another

30
Q

What is sex-linkage?

A

Genes carried by X and Y chromosomes are sex linked - the X chromosome is larger than the Y so for the most part there is no homologous equivalent pairing for the Y
Therefor if a condition is X-linked so caused by a faulty allele on the X Cromosome it is much more likely that a male will inherit the condition of they don’t have an equivalent portion.

31
Q

What are pedigree charts?

A

Show sex-linked conditions
- a square shows a male
- a circle shows a female
Shading in either of these shapes - the presence of a character such as gramophones in the phenotype

32
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Where one gene masks or effects the expression of another in the phenotype

33
Q

What are the two hardy Weinberg equations?

A

P + Q = 1.0

P2 + Q2 + 2PQ = 1.0

34
Q

What does each letter or the hardy Weinberg equation mean?

A 
P= frequency of dominant allele 
Q= frequency of recessive allele 
Q2= Homozygous recessive (aa) 
P2 = Homozygous dominant (AA) 
2PQ= Heterozygous
35
Q

What is the gene pool and allelic frequency ?

A

Gene pool= all the genes of all the individuals of a population at a given time
Allelic frequency = the number of times an allele is present in the gene pool

36
Q

What are the assumptions of the hardy Weinberg equation?

A
  • no mutations
  • no immigration or emigration
  • the proportion of dominant and recessive alleles in a population remains the same
  • large population
  • mating is random
37
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Interspecific - competition between members of different species
Intraspecific -competition between members of different species

38
Q

What is and ecosystem?

A

They are dynamic systems made up of a community and all the non living factors of the environment
In and ecosystems- energy flows through it and matter cycles within it
- an ecosystem supports a certain size population of species called the carying capacity which depends on the effects of competition and abiotic factors

39
Q

What is a habitat and niche?

A

A habitat is where an organism usually lives characterised by the physical conditions and the other organisms in it
A niche is how an organism fits into an environment it refers to where it lives and it’s role within

40
Q

What are abiotic and biotic factors?

A

Abiotic factors and the non living factors of the environment:
- temperature
- PH
- Light availability
- water and humidity
Biotic factors are the living parts of the environment

41
Q

Describe a predator prey relationship?

A
  • predators eat the prey so their numbers increase and this decreases number of prey - when prey numbers are low predators don’t have enough food for survival so their numbers decrease- due to less predation the prey survive and their numbers increase

It’s a cyclical pattern

Biology Mocks january (2 decks)

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