Paper 2 Flashcards
General principles
‘Rule like’ statements or guidelines
Analogy
Comparison used as part of the reasoning in an argument
Intermediate conclusion
Longer arguments with groups of reasoning supported by evidence and examples lead to intermediate conclusions
Coherent argument
Meaningful and well reasoned, steps flow and all points are relevant
Consistent
All evidence corroborates or supports it
Converse
Key sections have been reversed e.g drug problems cause unemployment, unemployment cAuses drug problems
Refute
Prove a claim wrong
Slippery slope
Misleading chain in argument, at one or more links in the chain the arguer makes a generalisation that may not be justified
Unjustified projection
Similar to slippery slope but doesn’t have a chain of arguments most is based on guess work only
Post hoc
‘Afterthis’ assumption e.g a teacher leaves students get better results …this is because that teacher left FLAW or….
Circular argument
Nothing really established just goes round and round
False dichotomy
Two possibilities, reasoning puts forward possibilities
Conflation
Confusion over terms muddle terms given by the arguer
Problems with cause and effect
Many arguments rest on the assumption if two factors correlate one has caused the other
Reasoning from wrong actions
Tu quoque means ‘you too’ a cussing other people as being guilty of the same fault
To wrongs don’t make a right basically saying they are justified in making a mistake
Generalisation
Based on info that is too limited
Straw man
Exaggerating a possible draw back and using it as a reason the prevent the whole scheme without further examination, building a straw man and then blowing it down
Ad hominem
‘To the man’ criticising the arguer so no one takes their argument seriously.
Appeals
Appeal to authority
Appeal to tradition
Appeal to history
Appeal to popularity
