Paper 2 (2024) Flashcards by Charlotte Millington

Explain why a government might try to increase a country’s population

Need to increase labour supply
Want to increase political power
Currently country is underpopulated
The country has an ageing population

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Explain why refugee camps are only a short term solution to an influx of migrants

Refugees are likely to return to the source area once the reason for their flight is stopped or reduced
Refugees may move on in search of better conditions
Camps may be judged to be a source of conflict so governments want to close them
There is limited living space
Camps may be destroyed
Aid is expensive so may end closing the camp

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Explain why many cities in HICs are declining in population

Traffic congestion
Increased pollution
High rents
High prices
Overcrowding
Crime

Cheaper/larger housing
More space
Less pollution
Scenery
More peaceful
Improved transport
Rise of internet
Government policy
Ageing population

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Describe the causes of food shortages

Environmental problems destroying crops (floods, droughts, fires, pests, disease, desertification)
Economic (transport problems, storage problems, increased cost of food, poor farming techniques)
Socio-politcal (wars, influx of migrants, high population growth, uneven distribution of food supplies)

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Explain the consequences of food shortages

Social (increased deaths, disease, migration, malnutrition)
Economic (inflation, changes in farming, improvements in transport)
Environmental (overgrazing, deforestation, soil erosion)
Political (riots, civil war, international aid, rationing)
Positives (introduction of innovation)

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Describe the difference between obstacles, constraints and barriers to migration

An obstacle blocks the migrants or hinders their progress but they can eventually get through it
A constraint limits or restricts movement so slowing migration down but not halting it
A barrier prevents movement so prevents migration

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Explain why governments might attempt to control internal migration

Limit pollution, protect water supplies, protect environment
To ensure infrastructure fits needs, to open up resources, to protect resources
To protect cultures, to spread cultures, reduce rural depopulation
To reduce/increase numbers/age range, to control the spread of diseases, reduce ageing population pressure
To influence voting pattern, to reduce or increase conflict, increase in safety

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Describe the functional zonation that may occur in cities in HICs

Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Retal
Transport
Recreational
Entertainment
Administration
Educational
Open space

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Explain the causes of functional zonation in cities

Physical geography (relief, aspect, rivers, drainage)
Economic (transport routes, accessibility, industry)
Social (reputation, gentrification, access to services, university)
Cultural and historical factors (defensive site, cathedral close)
Political (land use zoning, planning controls)

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Explain why governments might find it difficult to decrease their country’s population growth rate

Governments cannot increase the death rate
Cultural attitudes to contraception and family planning
Difficult to reduce birth rate
Political reasons
May be hard to fund wide ranging family planning schemes and healthcare
Many communities are isolated
Migration is difficult to control

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Explain why governments may try to limit the number of refugees entering their country

Avoid costs of accommodating refugees
Reduce potential friction with existing population
Protect services from being overwhelmed
Avoid challenges associated with refugee camps
To reduce perceived risk of security threat
To protect local areas and existing cultures

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Explain why the population in the CBD of many cities is decreasing

Too expensive to live there
Outbid by other CBD users
Congestion
Increased air and noise pollution
Higher levels of crime
Jobs are moving out
Can work from home
Redevelopment replacing housing
Government urban planning may encourage movement to outskirts
Pull of rural areas

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Explain why population change in LICs/MICs may not follow the DTM

Theoretical based on Western Europe
DR has fallen faster in LICs/MICs as advances in technology and health are transferred and applied immediately
Many LICs/MICs starting from higher BR
Cultural, political and social conditions different today
Link between BR and DR can be challenged
LICs may be influenced by international governments
Impact of government politices
Impact of large scale migration

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Describe the main types of internal migration

Rural-urban to find employment and better quality of life
Urban-rural more common in HICs to seek alternative lifestyle
Facilitated by remote working
Intra-urban within an urban area
Urban-urban seeking employment or following family

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Explain why the level of internal migration tends to increase as a country develops economically

Improved transport systems so people are more mobile
Greater private transport ownership
Increasing separation of home, work and retail
Greater education and knowledge via media of alternative areas
Higher incomes
Shorter working week
Social changes

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Explain the challenges for the management of a shanty town

Rise of disease, pollution sprawl, fires
Cost of improvement, access, supplying services
Crime, high growth rate of population, poor education
Working with communities
Often run their own political affairs

Explain the issues in managing a youthful population structure

High cost of providing services such as healthcare, education, childcare
Higher taxation and burden on the working population and government spending priority decisions
Pressure on food supplies
Future population momentum
Need to expand economic opportunities and develop a workforce with appropriate skills
High youth unemployment
Implementing anti natal policies

Suggest two push reasons for rural depopulation in LICs/MICs

Employment issues (low incomes, mechanisation of agriculture, underemployment)
Lack of access to services (healthcare and education)
Transport issues such as distance, cost or availability of public transport
Lack of investment
Insecurity due to conflict
Climate change events such as drought causing crop failure and natural disasters

Explain why some rural areas may have an increasing population

High rates of natural increase
Counter urbanisation
Retirement
Environmental considerations (less traffic congestion, air pollution)
Perceived benefits (lower crime rates)
Affordability of larger properties
Improved access to nearby urban areas
Spread of internet and working from home
Market forces and private developments
Government policy

Explain the disadvantages of urban renewal for the inhabitants of an area

Disruption during renewal
Immediate loss of some housing causing people to move away
Rising rents and unaffordable property prices
Lack of vehicle access
Noise from an increase in number of people
Businesses no longer cater for original population
Pedestrianisation
Over tourism
Loss of original character of the area

Describe the role of constraints in relation to sustaining a population

War/conflict
Hazards
Poverty and lack of capital to sustain growing population
Famine resulting from food shortages
Disease due to poor nutrition
Resource depletion
Possibly social aspects
Political aspects

Explain how technology and innovation can increase food production in HICs

Machinery with hi-tech to control planting, weeding
Precision application of inputs
Sensors to monitor environmental conditions
Use of remote sensing
Laboratory production
GMOs, selective breeding to increase yields
Artificial environments
Space saving technology
Improved storage and packaging

Explain two negative impacts on the source area of the loss of economic migrants

Loss of working adults, possible gender imbalance in social structure, young and aged dependency grows, issues with families, influences birth rates
Loss of labour and associated skills, lower taxation revenue, deters investment, leads to spiral of decline, slows economic development, threshold populations no longer achieved so loss of services
Less attention to environmental issues
Cost to governments of policies to combat other negative impacts, loss of voters

Describe how the concept of bid rent results in the functional zonation of land use in urban areas

Commercial activities are willing to pay the greatest rent to be located in the CBD because it is the most accessible location for a large population. As distance from the CBD increases the amount commerce is willing to pay for a site rapidly declines. Industry is willing to pay to be on the outskirts of the CBD. Residential land use becomes the highest bidder. Different functions are found concentrated together in certain parts of the urban area

Explain the issues in the provision of services in rural settlements

Cost, funding and spending priorities based on characteristics of rural population, political will and lack of development Distance, accessibility and remotemeness Poor or lack of roads and communication links Size of market Diseconomies of scale Recruitment or retention of professional staff Depopulation Change in population structure and migration

Explain two ways in which technology may be used to increase food production

Machinery replacing hand techniques Simple irrigation techniques extending growth period or yield Precision application of inputs, drip irrigation, NKP fertilisers Sensors to monitor environmental conditions using handheld devices, machine fixed or drones Satellite farming GMOs, selective breeding, HYVs, disease resistant crops Artificial environments Improved storage and preservation post harvesting

Explain two impacts of rural depopulation in LICs/MICs

Unbalanced age/sex structure Decline in demand for services Loss of labour force Social isolation Lower property or land values Lack of investment Changes to political power base Soil erosion Dependency on remittances

Explain why tall buildings are a typical feature of a CBD

Maximises use of space Cost of land High land rents Prestige projects or urban redevelopment Allows mixed and multiple commercial land uses

Compare the economic issues of a youthful population with those of an ageing population

Taxation revenue Spending priorities Pensions and social security costs Healthcare costs Education costs Housing Skills and workforce issues Future demographics

Explain how social factors may influence levels of fertility in a country

Status of women Societal attitudes to family size and use of contraception Age of marriage and first birth Level of better health and diet Education opportunities for girls and women Access to voluntary family planning Role of culture, religion and tradition

Describe two economic impacts of forced migration on destination areas

Increased labour supply Lower wages Increased tax revenue New skills Increased sale of goods Employment supporting migrants Cost of housing Cost of supporting migrants Pressure on availability of resources Social security costs

Describe how the locations of manufacturing areas are changing in urban settlements

Closure of certain locations such as inner city areas Opening of new locations such as industrial estates on the edge of urban areas or on converted brownfield sites Expansion of existing sites of established companies or through new arricals Informal sector enterprises in areas of shanty towns Creation of freeports or economic zones

Explain two difficulties for a government in managing an ageing population structure

High cost of providing services such as healthcare and long term care which may lead to higher taxation on working people Declining numbers in workforce, loss of experience and expertise Immigration policy may have to encourage overseas workers to fill vacancies Spending priority issues with lower tax revenues and rising pubic sector debt Pro natal policies

Suggest two reasons why some areas of a country may have a negative net migration balance

Mechanisation of agriculture Lack of employment and education opportunities Environmental factors such as drought or soil erosion Lack of services of difficulty of access Negative externalities of urban life High property prices Insecurity Lack of investment in infrastructure Harsh environment Perceptions of inequality

Explain the concept of bid rent

Refers to how the price and demand for land changes as the distance from the CBD increases Different land users will compete for land due to accessibility and profitability of the land Retail pays the highest rent based on the centre having the highest accessibility so can maximise profitability by being in areas with a greater concentration of customers Further from the centre industry can outcompete residential as the industries benefit from the still high accessibility

Compare the process of chain migration and stepped migration

Chain migrants are usually will informed and have contacts so usually one movement whereas step migration more likely to be in several stages Step migrants tend to move up the hierarchy as they build funds and experience whereas chain migrants less likely to involve intervening stages Both may be associated with internal and international migration

Describe two problems for urban areas caused by counterurbanisation

More likely to suffer from lack of investment Decline: increased number of rental properties Loss demand for services Loss of tax base Increased congestion

Explain why the provision of services is an issue in rural settlements in HICs

Cost, funding and spending priorities Distance, accessibility and remoteness Poor or lack of roads and other communication links Size of market Diseconomies of scale Recruitment of retention of professional staff Depopulation, loss of working age and skilled workforce