Paper 2 Flashcards
What is health?
Physical, mental, and social well-being
What is fitness?
The ability to perform tasks within your daily life without becoming overly tired
What is well-being?
Overall quality of life
Social well-being benefits
-Make you feel like you belong in a group
-Make new friends from interactions in classes
-Reduces loneliness
Emotional well-being benefits
-Decreases stress
-Increases self-esteem and confidence due to increasing abilities
-Improves body image
-Reduces depression
-Feel good hormones
-Improves sleep
-Improves energy levels
Physical well-being benefits
-Reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by improving the functioning of the heart and vessels
-Prevents obesity
-Reduces the risk of injury due to increase bon density and strength of connective tissues
-Reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing the uptake of blood sugar
-Improves fitness of the body
-Improves posture by strengthening the core muscles
-Reduces blood pressure
-Controls weight
-Improves bodily functions
Sedentary lifestyle
Involves little or no regular physical activity
Overfat->overweight->obese
Manual guidance
Physically manipulates an athlete into the correct position
Advantage-allows for beginners to develop a kinesthetic feel
-Reduces the risk of injury
-Easy to use
Disadvantage-Difficult when teaching multiple learners
-Can rely on manual feedback too much and not develop the kinesthetic feel
Mechanical guidance
Aids are used to assist with the skill development
Advantages-useful for beginners as they may require physical assistance
-kinesthetic feel
-Reduce the risk of injury
Disadvantage-Difficult when teaching multiple learners
-Learners may not develop their own understanding of the skill
-Can lead to over-reliance on feedback
Visual guidance
Athletes watch a demonstration of a skill
Advantages- can be given in large groups
-Effective for beginners as it provides them with a model for them to copy
-Time efficient
Disadvantage- can lead to boredom
-Requires the demonstrator to provide the correct model
-No kindaesthetic feel
-Hard to demonstration complex skills
Verbal guidance
Athletes listen to instructions about a skill
Advantages- cab be provided while athletes are practising
-Time efficient
-Can increase motivation
Disadvantage-not all skills are easily described
-Athletes can lose attention
-Doesn’t provide kinesthetic feel
Positive feedback
Confirmation that an athlete is doing something right
Negative feedback
Identification of what the athlete is doing wrong
Knowledge of performance
Based on how well an athlete has completed a skill or task
Knowledge of results
Based on outcome of a response or competition
Extrinsic feedback
Feedback from external sources eg reaction from a crowd
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from internal sources eg how the movement feels
What is anxiety?
The negative response to a stressful situation
What is the 4 stages of mental preparation?
-Mental Rehearsal
-Positive Thinking
-Selective attention
-Imagery
What is Mental Rehearsal?
A form of imagery where the athlete pictures or imagines themselves performing a skill, this can be internal or external
Ensures that the athlete is clear of what needs to be done
What is Positive Thinking?
Self-talk designed to increase an athletes confidence
Removes the feeling of doubt and anxiety
What is Selective attention?
A method of blanking out irrelevant information
Avoids distractions and allows an athlete to focus
What is imagery?
The athlete visualises themselves performing to increase their confidence
Removes negative thoughts, reduces anxiety and improve confidence
Goal setting- what does SMART stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Recorded
Timed
Why should a goal be specific?
Goal should focus on what is needed in the sport that is being trained for
Why should a goal be measurable?
You should be able to determine how well you have performed, allows an athlete to see if their goal has been met
Why should a goal be achievable?
Should be within the performers potential, to ensure they are motivated as they can reach the goal
Why should a goal be recorded?
Writing down after training, so an athlete can see how much they have improved to increase motivation
Why should a goal be timed?
Gives an athlete a time frame to aim towards
Benefits of goal setting
-Increase motivation
-Improve a skill
-Improve performance
-Improve effort levels
-Increase perseverance
What is a simple skill?
-Skill that is simple to perform
-Requires little concentration
-Simple movement
What is a complex skill?
-A skill that is difficult to learn
-Requires high concentration
-Complicated movements
What is a closed skill?
Not affected by external stimuli eg gymnastics floor routine
What is an open skill?
Affected by external stimuli eg badminton forehand
A skillful movement should be…
-Efficient
-Pre-determined
-Coordinated
-Fluent
-Aesthetic
What is an efficient skill?
Energy is not wasted on needless movements eg when running all energy is directed forwards
What is a pre-determined skill?
The athlete has planned out how they are going to carry out the skill
What is a coordinated skill?
Differnet parts of the body work effectively together to perform a movement
What is a fluent skill?
The movement performed in a smooth motion
What is a aesthetic skill?
Performance of the skill looks appealing to the observer eg gymnastics routine
What is sportsmanship?
Playing in a fair manner and treating your opponents with respect
What is gamesmanship?
Bending the rules to gain advantage
What is etiquette?
The unwritten rules which athletes are expected to follow
What is deviance?
An act which breaks the rules in order to gain advantage
What is fair play?
Providing your opponent with a fair chance to compete to their maximum
What are some reason for deviance?
-To gain advantage
-Pressure from others to perform well eg coaches
-Financial rewards for winning
-Importance of the event
-Desire for success and fame
-Improve performance satisfaction
Consequences of Gamesmanship and Deviance
-Fines
-Bans
-Reduce reputation of the athlete/sport
Examples of sportsmanship
-Applauding performance
-Asking an injured player if they are okay
-Helping an injured opponent
-Shaking hands
Examples of gamesmanship
-Wasting time
-Pulling an opponent shirt
-Tricking an opponent to pass to you
-Pretending to be fouled
-Not giving the ball back
What is commercialation?
Is the process by which a product is promoted to an audience
What are the three parts of the golden triangle?
-Sport
-Media
-Sponsorship
Positive effects of sponsorship
-Increases performer wages and financial support. This money can enable them to get better facilities, equipment and coaches
-More money invested into the sport
-Provide better facilities for the sport
-Companies can increase profits by being associated with popular sporting events
Negative effects of sponsorship
-Deviance can occur when there is increasing pressure to maintain sponsorship
-The gap between popular and less popular increases due to funding
-Officials under more pressure to make correct decision
-Spectators may not agree with some sponsorships
Positive effects of media
-Commercialisation raises profiles of players
-Better viewing quality of the sport so spectators have better experiences
-More coverage of sports
Negative effects of media
-Negatively impact a players performance (deviance + drugs)
-Dates and schedules are amended to meet sponsors so the larger number of people see
-More rule changes
-Disruption of the flow of the game due to adverts
What is promotion?
Advertising the opportunity to be involved and offering trials and discounts
What is provision?
Funding a range of facilities across many activities and locations
Access
Ensuring everyone is able to get to their local facilities
How can age affect participation rates?
-Most role models are young, which can lead to a negative impact on elderly participation
-Harder for elderly people to access facilities if they are unable to walk for long
-Stereotypes about activities which are appropriate
-More commitments when older
-Not enough money to pay membership
How can gender affect participation rates?
-Lack of female role models
-Like of opportunity for some females to access certain sports
-Less media coverage
-Gender stereotyping
-Less free time due to kids
How can disability affect participation rates?
-Some disabled people feel like they are not capable
-Lack of disabled role models
-So facilities do not have the provisions required by disabled individuals
-Stereotypes
-No disposal income is they don’t work
How can ethnicities/ religion affect participation rates?
-Racial discrimination
-Fewer role models
-Restriction due to religion eg praying times
-Less disposable income
