Paper 2 Flashcards
How much of the world live in urban areas
55%
How much of HIC is urbanised
80%
How much of LICs are urbanised
30%
Urbanisation rate in LIC
6%
Push factors of rural urban migration
-Natural disasters
-mechanised agriculture
-desertification
Pull factors of rural urban migration
-more jobs
-better healthcare and education
-natural increase ( young people)
What can lack off food lead to
Malnourishment
What can lack of clean water lead to
Water born diseases eg typhoid
What does unequal consumption mean
Different countries financial state effects there consumption
How does high value foods effect countries food consumption
Exotic fruits exported to HIC but grown in LIC
seasonal products exported all year round
Organic produce effects on countries food consumption
People become more concerned about environment look for locally sourced food
Growing carbon footprint fact
10% of uk greenhouse gases from agriculture
What are food miles
The distance food transported
Effects of industrialised farming
-Larger fields cheaper to produce
-more chemicals used
-less employees more machinery
Which areas of uk are in water surplus
North and west
Why are the south and east of uk in water deficit
High population density
Increase in How much water used in house holds
70% increase since 1975
Factors contaminating water
-polluted/poor quality water
-fertilisers washed into rivers
-vehicle pollutants into rivers
Strategy to reduce water pressure
Improved drainage systems
What is water transfer
Transferring water from area of surplus to area of deficit
Effects of water transfer
-Can effect wildlife in rivers
-political issues
-dams and reservoirs expensive
How has uk energy supplies changed
Fossil fuels 9% in 1970>
22% in 1980>
Coal stations closed by 2025>
19% electrical
Why is fossil fuel consumption decreased
Awareness of co2 emissions
Environmental issues of energy
-Releases co2
-fracking pollutes groundwater cause earthquakes
-natural ecosystems damaged by renewable generators
-wind turbines eyesores
Economic issues with energy
-Fossil fuel extraction expensive
-renewable energy expensive for consumer
-money needed for research
What is water insecurity
Not having enough clean water
What does water security depend on
Population, access to water, amount available
Countries in water insecurity
Australia,India and Mexico
Countries in water security
Canada,Brazil,Russia
Physical factors effecting water availability
-Climate change (evaporation/rainfall
-geology impermeable/permeable rocks
Economic factors effecting water availability
-Over abstraction
-limited infrastructure (more pipes/pumps needed)
-populated water sources
Impacts of water insecurity
-Pollutions/disease
-reduced food production (irrigation uses water)
-conflict e.g Nile in Egypt
Ways to increase water supply
-dams/reservoirs
-water diversion
-water transfer
-desalination
Effects of dams and reservoirs
-Surplus times dam filers to use in times of deficit
-can cause conflict
-expensive
What is water diversion
Dam to raise water level and redirected
Effects of water diversion
-irrigated farmland /hydroelectric power
-less disruptive then other methods
Example of water diversion
Arizona imperial dam diverts from Colorado to all American canal
What is water transfer
Large engineering projects move from surplus to deficit
Effects of water transfer
-Reduces water insecurity
-environmental/social/economic problems
What is desalination
Removes salt from water
Example of desalination
98% of Dubai’s water
Effects of desalination
-Expensive
- powered by fossil fuels
How to increase water conservation
-Fixing leaks(20% lost to leaks)
-water meters in homes(use 10% less water)
-drip pipes irrigate farmland
How is groundwater management
-license needed to extract more then 20m3 a day
-shared agreements when water is shared
How is groundwater management
-license needed to extract more then 20m3 a day
-shared agreements when water is shared
How can water be recycled
-Piped to plants to decontaminate
-used for irrigation,toilets
How could recycling effect water supplies
Increase supply by up to 27%
What does groundwater management prevent
Over abstraction
What is over abstraction
Using more water then can be replaced
What is grey water
Recycled water used straight away
Effects of grey water
-used for gardens and farmland
-conserves energy
-expensive to install
-can develop bacteria
