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geography GCSE > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

explain one reason for the site of a named major city in either a developing or an emerging country (2)

A

Named city : Sao Paulo

Built near a river so there is enough water for the inhabitants

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2
Q

state one reason why deindustrialisation has taken place in some UK cities (1)

A

cheaper labour costs abroad
online shopping has increased

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3
Q

explain two reasons why urbanisation occurs at different rates around the world (4)

A

Some places have more rural to urban migration than others (1) because of pull factors like job opportunities (1).

Developing countries are experiencing high rates of urbanisation due to falling death rates (1) because of improvements in health care / education / sanitation (1).

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4
Q

name 3 factors that affect the HDI

A

life expectancy
mean years of schooling
gni per capita

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5
Q

state two possible reasons why the primary sector is very high in Kenya (2)

A

they have natural resources

the climate in Kenya is suitable for farming

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6
Q

explain one social impact of rapid development (2)

A
  • lack of teachers and healthcare professionals mean jobs aren’t filled so there is a lack of education and sanitation
  • improved healthcare so increased life expectancy and decreased death rates
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7
Q

explain one economic impact of rapid development (2)

A

the gap between rich and poor widens so there is more social inequality and crime

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8
Q

suggest one negative environmental impact of farming in many African countries (4)

A
  • deforestation occurs to clear land for farming
  • this means habitats are lost
  • this decreases the biodiversity of the ecosystem
  • as animals and species are killed
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9
Q

explain two reasons why the UK has water supply problems (4)

A

the south has less rainfall than the north so may have water shortages

the UK has a growing population so the demand for water is increasing but the amount of water available is staying the same

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10
Q

suggest one effect of a population increase on people living in an emerging country (3)

A

water supply problems (1) as the demand exceeds the supply (1) so people become more dehydrated or drink contaminated water (1)

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11
Q

what are the main impacts of migration on Bristol

A

strain on housing (1)
schools and hospitals filling up (1)

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12
Q

what is the population structure in bristol

A

large young population so large high working population
ethnic diversity

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13
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

reduction in mass manufacturing due to an increases manufacturing overseas

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14
Q

effects of deindustrialisation

A

causes loss of jobs in secondary sectors

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15
Q

what is decentralisation

A

the HQ of a company remains in the CBD, but the production occurs outside

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16
Q

effects of decentralisation

A

causes mass unemployment

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17
Q

what are the changes in retailing in Bristol

A

decline in CBD due to out of town shopping centres
online shopping increased
high street shops lose revenue so shut down

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18
Q

strategies to improve quality of life in Bristol

A

Recycling - makes living more sustainable
Employment - council attracts companies to city
Healthy eating in schools, reducing stress on healthcare services
Housing rental schemes and help-to-buy schemes
Sustainable energy plants and loft insulation grands

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19
Q

pull factors of sao paulo

A

infant mortality is low

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20
Q

push factors of sao paulo

A

low job opportunities
suffers from drought

21
Q

impacts of rapid urbanisation in sao paulo

A

favelas developed
sewage runs down the streets
traffic congestion
pollution
high unemployment

22
Q

advantages of bottom up schemes

A

residents are in charge so more personalised
given financial help
improves quality of life

23
Q

disadvantages of bottom up schemes

A

takes a long time as government are less inclined to help

24
Q

advantages of top down schemes

A

government improves area
provides clean water and sanitation

25
Q

disadvantages of top down schemes

A

the government expect people to move into the provided housing
sometimes the government borrows the money
favela owners can’t afford to pay rent

26
Q

case study for bottom up scheme

A

santo andre
makes healthcare more available
literacy rate increases
recreational activities

27
Q

case study for top down scheme

A

cingapura housing project
meant to be 100,000 houses built but only 14,000 houses built
ten-story high blocks

28
Q

strategies to improve the quality of life and sustainability in sao paulo

A

new underground train system to decrease traffic and pollution
buses and trains to people travel in bulk so less pollution
government funded housing projects
provide interest free loans to low income people

29
Q

primary sector

A

extraction and use of raw materials
fishing, mining, mineral extraction

30
Q

secondary sector

A

manufacturing
cars, products

31
Q

tertiary sector

A

services
teaching

32
Q

quaternary sector

A

financial
telecommunications

33
Q

ways to measure development :
What is GDP and per captia

A

GDP - total value of goods and services provided by a country in a year
per capita - divided by the total population
so it is the average income per person

34
Q

ways to measure development :
What is HDI

A

HDI - Human Development Index
between 0-1 (0 is least developed, 1 is most developed)
affected by life expectancy, schooling, etc

35
Q

ways to measure development :
What is CPI

A

CPI - corruption perception index
100 - perfect - clean public sector
0 - corrupt government

36
Q

social context in tanzania

A

90% of the poor live in rural areas
1/3 lives below the poverty line

37
Q

why is tanzania’s development uneven

A

Dar es Salaam developed fastest as there is high employment and income at the poer
agriculture in rural regions is slower

38
Q

what are transnational countries

A

HQ is in one place, but it has branches all over the world

39
Q

what is the balance of trade like in tanzania

A

it is negative as there are more imports than exports

40
Q

who gives international aid to tanzania? + what are the results of this international aid?

A

USA and UK give 1 billion total
Results - life expectancy is slowly increasing
death rate is declining due to better healthcare
increasing population

41
Q

inequality in tanzania

A

large number of people are unemployed
young people move to urban areas but can’t afford to live so work in the informal sector and live below the poverty line

42
Q

impacts of rapid development in tanzania

A

80% attendance in schools
but 30% still live below the poverty line
rural areas don’t benefit from inprovement
foreign investement increases so GDP increases

43
Q

what is exploitation in regard to resources

A

use of resources unsustainably

44
Q

examples of exploitation of resources and water

A

-increased use of water for domestic uses and manufacturing
-so more is used than repoenished so reduces biodiversity
-sewage is dumped into rivers, disrupting ecosystems and killing species
-mineral extraction leaks into rivers and decreases the water quality for humans and fish

45
Q

how is food being exploited

A

-cattle ranching for human consumption leads to the land being overgrazed
-tropical rainforests used to cattle ranching
-overfishing leads to a reduction in biodiversity

46
Q

imbalances of supply and demand water in the UK

A

north receives more rainfall
south has more people so the south has higher demand but less supply

47
Q

what is desalination
+ advs
+ disadvs

A

the removal of salt from sea water
expensive but useful for coastal countries
requires a lot of energy but it can be renewable

48
Q

uk water management case study

A

The UK has plentiful supply of water due to seasonal rainfall, however…
-Areas that receive the most are the North and West
-But highest areas of population are in the South and East.
Solutions:
–Govt. policies to ensure water companies manage water sustainably – they have to show 25 year plans of management, have set efficiency targets which are monitored.
–Websites available to help people save water in homes
–Environment Agency, the Rivers Trust and Wildlife Trust and water industry to come together to give everyone a say in management of water resources.
–Targets for companies to reduce leaks in pipes and leakage is down 35% since 1990’s

49
Q
A

geography GCSE (4 decks)

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