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geography GCSE > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain one reason for the site of a named major city in either a developing or an emerging country (2)

A

Named city : Sao Paulo

Built near a river so there is enough water for the inhabitants

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2
Q

state one reason why deindustrialisation has taken place in some UK cities (1)

A

cheaper labour costs abroad
online shopping has increased

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3
Q

explain two reasons why urbanisation occurs at different rates around the world (4)

A

Some places have more rural to urban migration than others (1) because of pull factors like job opportunities (1).

Developing countries are experiencing high rates of urbanisation due to falling death rates (1) because of improvements in health care / education / sanitation (1).

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4
Q

name 3 factors that affect the HDI

A

life expectancy
mean years of schooling
gni per capita

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5
Q

state two possible reasons why the primary sector is very high in Kenya (2)

A

they have natural resources

the climate in Kenya is suitable for farming

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6
Q

explain one social impact of rapid development (2)

A
  • lack of teachers and healthcare professionals mean jobs aren’t filled so there is a lack of education and sanitation
  • improved healthcare so increased life expectancy and decreased death rates
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7
Q

explain one economic impact of rapid development (2)

A

the gap between rich and poor widens so there is more social inequality and crime

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8
Q

suggest one negative environmental impact of farming in many African countries (4)

A
  • deforestation occurs to clear land for farming
  • this means habitats are lost
  • this decreases the biodiversity of the ecosystem
  • as animals and species are killed
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9
Q

explain two reasons why the UK has water supply problems (4)

A

the south has less rainfall than the north so may have water shortages

the UK has a growing population so the demand for water is increasing but the amount of water available is staying the same

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10
Q

suggest one effect of a population increase on people living in an emerging country (3)

A

water supply problems (1) as the demand exceeds the supply (1) so people become more dehydrated or drink contaminated water (1)

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11
Q

what are the main impacts of migration on Bristol

A

strain on housing (1)
schools and hospitals filling up (1)

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12
Q

what is the population structure in bristol

A

large young population so large high working population
ethnic diversity

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13
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

reduction in mass manufacturing due to an increases manufacturing overseas

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14
Q

effects of deindustrialisation

A

causes loss of jobs in secondary sectors

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15
Q

what is decentralisation

A

the HQ of a company remains in the CBD, but the production occurs outside

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16
Q

effects of decentralisation

A

causes mass unemployment

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17
Q

what are the changes in retailing in Bristol

A

decline in CBD due to out of town shopping centres
online shopping increased
high street shops lose revenue so shut down

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18
Q

strategies to improve quality of life in Bristol

A

Recycling - makes living more sustainable
Employment - council attracts companies to city
Healthy eating in schools, reducing stress on healthcare services
Housing rental schemes and help-to-buy schemes
Sustainable energy plants and loft insulation grands

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19
Q

pull factors of sao paulo

A

infant mortality is low

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20
Q

push factors of sao paulo

A

low job opportunities
suffers from drought

21
Q

impacts of rapid urbanisation in sao paulo

A

favelas developed
sewage runs down the streets
traffic congestion
pollution
high unemployment

22
Q

advantages of bottom up schemes

A

residents are in charge so more personalised
given financial help
improves quality of life

23
Q

disadvantages of bottom up schemes

A

takes a long time as government are less inclined to help

24
Q

advantages of top down schemes

A

government improves area
provides clean water and sanitation

25
disadvantages of top down schemes
the government expect people to move into the provided housing sometimes the government borrows the money favela owners can't afford to pay rent
26
case study for bottom up scheme
santo andre makes healthcare more available literacy rate increases recreational activities
27
case study for top down scheme
cingapura housing project meant to be 100,000 houses built but only 14,000 houses built ten-story high blocks
28
strategies to improve the quality of life and sustainability in sao paulo
new underground train system to decrease traffic and pollution buses and trains to people travel in bulk so less pollution government funded housing projects provide interest free loans to low income people
29
primary sector
extraction and use of raw materials fishing, mining, mineral extraction
30
secondary sector
manufacturing cars, products
31
tertiary sector
services teaching
32
quaternary sector
financial telecommunications
33
ways to measure development : What is GDP and per captia
GDP - total value of goods and services provided by a country in a year per capita - divided by the total population so it is the average income per person
34
ways to measure development : What is HDI
HDI - Human Development Index between 0-1 (0 is least developed, 1 is most developed) affected by life expectancy, schooling, etc
35
ways to measure development : What is CPI
CPI - corruption perception index 100 - perfect - clean public sector 0 - corrupt government
36
social context in tanzania
90% of the poor live in rural areas 1/3 lives below the poverty line
37
why is tanzania's development uneven
Dar es Salaam developed fastest as there is high employment and income at the poer agriculture in rural regions is slower
38
what are transnational countries
HQ is in one place, but it has branches all over the world
39
what is the balance of trade like in tanzania
it is negative as there are more imports than exports
40
who gives international aid to tanzania? + what are the results of this international aid?
USA and UK give 1 billion total Results - life expectancy is slowly increasing death rate is declining due to better healthcare increasing population
41
inequality in tanzania
large number of people are unemployed young people move to urban areas but can't afford to live so work in the informal sector and live below the poverty line
42
impacts of rapid development in tanzania
80% attendance in schools but 30% still live below the poverty line rural areas don't benefit from inprovement foreign investement increases so GDP increases
43
what is exploitation in regard to resources
use of resources unsustainably
44
examples of exploitation of resources and water
-increased use of water for domestic uses and manufacturing -so more is used than repoenished so reduces biodiversity -sewage is dumped into rivers, disrupting ecosystems and killing species -mineral extraction leaks into rivers and decreases the water quality for humans and fish
45
how is food being exploited
-cattle ranching for human consumption leads to the land being overgrazed -tropical rainforests used to cattle ranching -overfishing leads to a reduction in biodiversity
46
imbalances of supply and demand water in the UK
north receives more rainfall south has more people so the south has higher demand but less supply
47
what is desalination + advs + disadvs
the removal of salt from sea water expensive but useful for coastal countries requires a lot of energy but it can be renewable
48
uk water management case study
The UK has plentiful supply of water due to seasonal rainfall, however... -Areas that receive the most are the North and West -But highest areas of population are in the South and East. Solutions: --Govt. policies to ensure water companies manage water sustainably – they have to show 25 year plans of management, have set efficiency targets which are monitored. --Websites available to help people save water in homes --Environment Agency, the Rivers Trust and Wildlife Trust and water industry to come together to give everyone a say in management of water resources. --Targets for companies to reduce leaks in pipes and leakage is down 35% since 1990’s
49

geography GCSE (4 decks)

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