Paper 2 Flashcards
What makes a movement skilful
-efficient
-predetermined
-coordinated
-fluent
-aesthetic
-good technique
What is an efficient movement
No wasted effort,
What is a predetermined movement
The performer knows what they are doing and what they are trying to achieve
What makes a movement coordinated
All the parts (or subroutines)of the skill are linked together seamlessly
What is a continuum
A range or sliding scale between two extreme points
What two continuums are motor or movement skills classified on
-environmental
-Difficulty
What does the environmental continuum measure
How much sports skills are effected by the sporting environment
What are some examples of environmental stimuli
-other players
-terrain/surface
-weather
-situation
What are the two characteristics of the environmental continuum
-Closed skills
-open skills
What are closed skills
Skills that are not effected by the environment.they are usually self paced and occur in fixed or predictable situations
What are open skills
Open skills are effected by the environment,they are mainly perceptual and externally paced
What does the difficulty continuum measure
How difficult or complex a skilful movement is
What are the two characteristics of the Difficaulty continuum
-simple
-complex
What are simple skills
Skills where the performer doesn’t have to process much information or make many decisions
What are complex skills
-Skills where the performer has to process lots of information and make lots of decisions
-skill has many subroutines
What is visual guidance
When a performer can see the skill being performed or practiced
What are some examples of visual guidance
-Demonstration
-image
-video
-observation
How does visual guidance help coaching
-Helps learner who are at the early stages of learning and have never seen or experienced the skill
-skilled performers who need to refine specific elements
What are the advantages for visual guidance
-good for visual learners
-particularly good for novice performers
-good if the demonstration is correct or clear
-can provide feedback on performance
-helpful when teaching tactics or positioning
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance
-demonstration/image/video must be a correct example of the skill,otherwise the leaner will pick up poor technique
-needs to be very detailed and specific for elite performers
What is verbal guidance
Verbal guidance is given by an observer after watching your performance
What are examples of verbal guidance
-coaching points
-feedback
-peer feedback
-questioning
What does feedback need to be to be beneficial
-constructive
-specific and accurate
What are the advantages of verbal guidance
-good if clear,short relevant
-use of key words can focus technique
-helpful accompaniment to visual
-good for elite performers
What are disadvantages of verbal guidance
-learners can only remember a limited amount of spoken information
-needs to be simple and short for novices and younger performers
-difficult to communicate subtleties and complexities of tactics
What is manual guidance
When a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
What are the advantages of manual guidance
-good for confidence
-good for safety reasons
-allows experience of the skill before thorough learning
What are the disadvantages of manual guidance
-learner may become dependent on the support
-directing movements has little kinaesthetic(awareness of body and limb position and movement)
-gives leaners some sense of timing,action and coordination
-child safety issues
What is mechanical guidance
When a piece of equipment or aid is used to help a performer learn and practice a skill
What are some examples of mechanical guidance
-Float in swimming
-harness in trampolining
What what are the advantages of mechanical guidance
-gives confidence
-ensures safety
-gives some feel or kinaesthesis of movement
What are the disadvantages of mechanical movement
-expense of equipment
-easy to become dependent on the support
-should not be used in isolation but always made relevant to the whole performance
What are the types of feedback
-continuous and terminal feedback
-intrinsic and extrinsic
-knowledge of results and Knowledge of performance
-positive and negative feed back
What is continuous and terminal feedback
Continuous-Feedback received during a skill
Terminal-feedback received after the completion of the skill
What is intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
Intrinsic-the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed,it is felt by performer as the execute a skill
Extrinsic-provided by external sources
During or after a performance can come from coaches teammates,includes thing the performer can see or hear
What is knowledge of results (KR)
-focuses on the end of the performance,or the result or outcome of a movement
What is knowledge of performance (KP)
Focuses on how well an athlete performers and the quality and pattern of the movement
What is positive and negative feedback
Positive feedback-usually given when the player is praised following a successful outcome m
Negative feedback-received when the movement is incorrect or unsuccessful
What is imagery used for in sport
Mental or phycological technique in which the performer imagines or visualises themselves being successful in their performance
What is mental rehearsal
Performer pictures themselves executing a skill and practices the skill in their mind,focuses on specific stages and correct technique
What helps create imagery
-sight
-hearing
-touch
-smell
-taste
What does imagery and mental rehearsal help
-build confidence
-reduce anxiety
-improve concentration
-overcome problems
-improve results
What is selective attention
Where the performer focuses their communication on what they are doing and ignored all other distractions
What is positive thinking
A performer being optimistic,thinking and being confident about doing well and winning,shutting out negative thoughts and feeling well prepared
What is the effect of positive thinking on a performer
-improves motivation
-improves confidence
-improves performance
-decreases anxiety
Why do performers use goal setting
-Having relevant goals helps participants of all types in physical activity and sport
-useful for novices and experienced performers
Why is setting goals useful in sport
-goals help performers to adhere(or stick) to their training/exercise programs
-goals help motivate performers and keep them enthusiastic
-goals help to improve performance and make it the best it can be
What does goal setting help to do
-show success
-give motivation
-monitor progress
-provide ficus
-plan/adapt training
What is the use of smart targets
Setting smart goals can make a goal seem more achievable and improve or optimise the performance
What does SMART stand for
S-specific
M-measurable
A-achievable
R-recorded
T-timed
What factors influence the participation in sport
-Age
-Gender
-Ethnicity
-Religion and culture
-family
How does age affect participation in physical activity
-young children need to develop gross motor skills
-young people engage in more physical activity due to curriculum(PE)
-older people are less likely to participate is physical activity
What are the reasons women rarely participate in sport and physical activity
-discrimination
-low self esteem
-lack of role models
-lack of encouragement
-friends/peer inactivity
How does family affect how children participate in physical activity
-may take part in the same activities as their parents
-rely on their family for equipment and travelling
How does education effect participation in physical activity
-physical development of motor skills and specific techniques
-guidance on Health and fitness
-provision of role models
Why is the participation of disabled people in physical activity low
-physical barriers
-access
-transport
-discrimination
How can sport and physical activity’s be adapted
-Where it’s done
-how it’s done
-what is used
-who does what
What are the strategies to improve participation
-promotion(actively encouraging or publicising)
-provision
-access
What is sportsmanship
Playing within the rules and understand and using sports etiquette
What is Gamesmanship
Without breaking them, players may bend the rules and use questionable method to gain an advantage
What is deviance in sport
Behaviour that is sharply different from the generally accepted standersd
What are some examples of deviance
-cheating
-performance drug taking
-social drug taking
-violence/aggression
What are sone reasons for deviance
-pressure to win
-pressure from coach
-culture of the sport
-media pressure
What are sone consequences of deviance
-damage reputation of sport
-becoming a negative role model
-loss of earnings
-punishment and bans
What is violence in sport
Uncontrollable behaviour that causes physical injury
What are reasons for player violence
-the importance of the game
-the nature of the game
-provocation
-disappointment or frustration
What are Performance Enhancing drugs (PEDs)
A substance taken by a sportsperson to improve the standard of their performance
What are the reasons performers take PEDs
-pressure to succeed or win at any cost
-pressure to succeed as a nation
-pressure to succeed in order to get sponser
-improve physical condition
What are anabolic steroids
Illegal drugs that help the athlete to make rapid increases in strength by promoting bone growth and developing muscle mass,they also aid recovery and repair of muscle fibres
What are stimulants
Substances that can increase alertness and competitiveness by reducing reaction time,speeding up reflexes and reducing fatigue
What are beta blockers
Banned drugs that help a performer to keep calm by clicking the effect of the hormone adrenaline
What is commercialism non sports main target
Making profit
What are the three main groups of commercialisation
-Sport
-media
-sponsorship
How does sport benefit from commercialism
Increased revenue helps individual sportspeople and sports organisations to increase participation, improve performance and attract support
How does media be if it from commercialisation of sport
High profile sports stories help attract audience,listeners and readers
How do sponsors benifit from commercialisation
Sponsors benefit from the commercialisation of sport,their funding is essential for sports growth
What is the golden triangle
-sponsorship
-media
-sport
What does the golden triangle represent
The commercial-money making-nature of sport
What are the positive influences of media on a sport
-raise awareness
-promote healthy active lifestyles
-showcase sports positive values
-present positive and inspiring role models
-motivate people to take part
What are the negative influences of the media on sport
-intrude on performers privacy
-undermine people’s confidence and careers
-showcase negative values and behaviour
-minder mine officials and their decisions
What is sponsorship in sport
The financial support for a sport by an outside body for the mutual benefit of both parties
What are the types of sponsorship
-individuals
-teams and clubs
-sports
-events
What are the benefits for sport of commercialisation
Individuals-covers costs
Team and clubs-provides equipment grounds and Maintenance
Sports-pays for coaching and coach development
Events-covers venue hire,catering,hospitality,officials costs
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for sport
-can be limited or easily withdrawn
-performers can become reliant on sponsors
-generous sponsorship is only available to elite
What are the benefit’s of sponsorship for the sponsor
-raise awareness of company or brand
-advertises products and services
-increases sale revenue through increased media exposure
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for the sponser
-uncertain investment
-if the event is disrupted media exposure and advertising potential are lost
-bad publicity from the performer can reflect badly on sponsor
What are the negative effects of sponsorships
Creates tension when a sponsors image or product appears to undermine the sporting message
What is well-being in sport
The state of being comfortable,healthy and happy, a persons experience of life and life circumstances
What is fitness
The ability to meet the demand of the environment or being able to carry out everyday activities with little fatigue
What is exercise
A form of physical exercise done to improve health and fitness or both
What is the recommend amount of exercise per week for an adult
5x 30 minute activity
What is the recommended amount of exercise per week for children and young people per week
7x60 minute sessions
2 of these sessions should be high intensity
What is the positive effect of increased levels of exercise
-increased levels of fitness
-good health
-an active healthy lifestyle
What is the negative effect of decreased levels of exercise
-decreased levels of fitness
-poor health
-a sedentary lifestyle
What is health
A state of complete physical,mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What does being physically active include
-enjoying being active
-having good balance,coordination and agility for everyday tasks aswelll as sport
-having fewer illnesses,diseases and injury
What is emotional health linked to
Personal well-being-feeling positive about your self
What does being emotionally healthy include
-having self esteem and self respect
-being able to recognise and express feelings
-being able to manage emotions to suit the situation
-recognising and managing the factors that affect emotions
What does being socially healthy include
-being able to interact with a wide range of people and having a sense of belonging
-having respect,empathy and tolerance
-recognising and managing effect of actions on others
-being aware of rights and responsibilities
What are the benefits of physical health
-reduced injury
-reduced risk of CHD
-lower blood pressure
-increase bone density
-reduce obesity
What are the benefits of emotional health
-self esteem and confidence boost
-stress management
-image
What are the benefits of social health
-friendship
-belonging to a group
-reduce loneliness
What is moderate intensity activity
Makes someone breathe harder,feel
Warmer and their heart beat more rapidly
What is vigorous intensity activity
Breathe much harder,feel hotter,and their heart beat much more rapidly
What is a sedentary lifestyle
A lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity and an excessive amount of daily sitting
What are the characteristics of a sedentary lifestyle
-not participating(much in physical activity or too passive in life
-too much time watching TV etc
-rarely walking or cycling
-spending lot of time sitting
-not having hobbies or interests
What are the risks involved with a sedentary lifestyle
-increase stress
-reduce life expectancy
-result in being obese
-lead to CHD
-increase in likely hood of cancer
What is the energy balance equation
The relationship between the energy consumer and the energy expanded
What are the seven components for a balanced diet
-carbohydrates ,proteins,fats, minerals,vitamins, fibre,water
What is the function of carbohydrates and examples
-Provide quick and efficient energy for movement
-eg fruit honey biscuits bread rice pasta and cereals
What are the functions of proteins and what are sone examples
-Repair,growth and efficient working of body tissues
-meat,fish,nuts
What is the function of fats and what are sone examples
Provide energy very slowly,protect vital organs and help prevent heat loss
-meat,cheese,cream
What are the functions of minerals and what are some examples
-essentially for many processes such as bone growth/strength,nervous system
-calcium,milk iron-red meats
What are the function of vitamins and what are some examples
-Viral for the production of energy,preventing disease and working of motabalism
-A, liver -B,vegetables -C,citric fruits
-D,oily fish
What is the function of fibre and what are sone examples
Effective bowel function and healthy digestion
-fruit,nuts,cereals
Wat is the fiction of water and what are some examples
Main component of blood and cells,helps carry nutrients and remove waste products
-fluids and foods
What are the two types of carbohydrates
-simple (biscuits,jam)
-complex(bread,rice)
What do complex carbohydrates give
Complex carbohydrates give a steadier source of energy.the liver and muscles store large amounts of carbohydrates in the form glucose
What are the four main types of fat
-mono-saturated(olives,peanuts)
-poly-unsaturated(oily fish,sesame seeds
-saturated(sausages,butter)
-trans(cake,takeaway food)
What are the two types of minerals
-macro(needed In larger amounts)
-trace(needed in very small amounts)
What are the roles of vitamin A,B,C,D
A-good vision and healthy skin
B-energy production,Stress reduction
C-Fighting viruses,cleaning wounds
D-build bones and teeth
What is BMR(basic metabolic rate)
The amount of energy needed just to keep the body systems working normally
What is PAL(physical activity level)
The amount of energy needed for any activity
What should we eat before exercise
Plenty of complex carbohydrates and fluid for hydration
What should we drink during exercise
Small but regular drinks, easily digestible carbohydrates in small quantities if the exercise is longer then an hour
What should we eat after exercise
Carbohydrates to restore glycogen levels,protein
What is the effects of lack of hydration
-tires
-skill level decrease
-loss of motivation
-become thirsty
-cramps
