Paper 2 Flashcards
Whats a simple skill and give example
-Require minimal decisions
E.g Swimming start, where performer hear the gun and has no decision to make, other than to dive forward.
Whats a complex skill and give example
- Need many decisions and judgements.
E.g A pass by a midfielder in a football match. The player would need to make many decisions before passing.
What’s an open skill with example
An open skill is performed in an environment with changing factors
e.g. passing to a team mate in hockey.
What’s a closed skill with example
A closed skill is one in which external factors do not
change
e.g. Free throw in Basketball.
What is a self-paced skill. Example?
Self paced skills are under the control of the performer.
E.g. throwing a javelin.
What is an externally paced skill. Example?
Externally paced skills are dictated to by the surrounding environment.
E.g. timing a rugby tackle correctly to hit a moving opponent.
What is a gross skill
Gross skills involve big movements such as the leg and arm movements found in running.
What is a fine skill
Fine skills involve precise, usually smaller movements
such as the fine adjustments of the wrist when aiming a putt in golf.
What’s a discrete skill
Discrete skills have a definite beginning and a definite end e.g. a handstand. Start balanced on feet, end balanced on hands.
What’s a serial skill
Serial skills are discrete skills linked together e.g. a triple jump links a hop, a step and a jump.
What’s a continuous skill
Continuous skills cannot be easily broken down into discrete skills as they must be performed continually e.g. pedalling a bike.
What’s a low organisation skill
Low organisation: If a skill is split up into sub-routines that are easily separate movements
E.g Triple jump / Tennis serve
What’s a high organisation skill
High organisation: If the skill has elements that are difficult to separate.
E.g. Dribbling in Basketball.
3 arousal theories
Drive, inverted U, catastrophe theories.
What does optimum arousal level depend on?
The optimum level of arousal depends upon the ability of the performer and the sport in question.
4 stages of group development
Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing
Forming stage
-High dependence on the leader for guidance and direction.
-Group members are getting to know each other.
-Very little agreement on team aims, other than received from the leader.
-Each team member’s individual roles are unclear.
-Leader must be prepared to give strong direction.
Storming stage
-Group decisions are difficult.
-Team members jostle for positions / leadership in the team.
-There is now a clearer focus for the team (still many uncertainties).
-Cliques form at this stage and there may be power struggles.
Norming stage
-Much more agreement and consensus of opinion in the team.
-Roles and responsibilities are clearer and generally accepted.
-Important decisions are increasingly made through group agreement.
-Less important decisions are delegated to individuals or small teams.
-There is now a much stronger sense of commitment and unity.
-The team is much more social / friendly at this stage.
-There is general respect for the leader.
-Leadership is more likely to be shared.
Performing stage
-The team has more strategies and has a clear vision and clear aims.
-There is no interference or participation from the leader.
-There is a focus on achieving goals.
-Team members trusted to get on with the job with little interference.
-Disagreements occur but are resolved within the team positively.
-The team does not need to be instructed or assisted.
-Team members might ask for assistance from the leader with personal and interpersonal issues.
Who made the multi-store model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffren
3 stages of multi-store model
Sensory Store / Memory
Short-Term Memory Store
Long-Term Memory Store
What happens in sensory store
-Info enters the brain from the
environment.
-Info stored for 0.15 - 1 second
before it is filtered.
Selective attention: Relevant info sent to short term memory and irrelevant info is forgotten.
What happens in the STM
-Where the info is used to decide
what needs to be done.
-Only limited amounts of info
can be stored (5-9 pieces of
info) for only 30 seconds.
-Chunking: Different pieces of
info can be grouped together
and remembered as one piece.
-If it is important enough and is
rehearsed, it will pass to the
long-term memory.
What happens in LTM
-Limitless capacity to store
encoded info.
-Motor programmes are stored
here because they have been
rehearsed many times.
-Only stores information that is
important, has meaning and is
rehearsed
-Continued rehearsal can lead to
responses becoming
automatic.
What is Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of Processing Model?
Information received from the brain will be transferred to the long term memory.
Information is remembered more if it is;
- Considered
- Understood
- Has meaning (relate to
experiences)
What are the 3 levels of processing verbal info?
Structural Level (what the words look like)
Phonetic Level (the processing of sounds)
Semantic Level (considers the meaning of words)
What is intrinsic feedback?
-Feedback from propioceptors.
Positives:
-Immediate
-Can be altered
Negatives:
-Can be incorrect
-Sensory effectiveness can differ
What’s Extrinsic feedback?
-From external sources such as a coach.
Positive:
-Coaching can lead to improvement
Negative:
-Could be given wrong info
What is positive feedback?
-Reinforces skill learning and gives info on successful outcome.
Positive:
-Correct S-R bond formed if accurate. Good for motivation.
Negative:
-If undeserved it can build inappropriate S-R bond.
What’s negative feedback?
-Info about unsuccessful outcome, which can build successful strategies.
Positive:
-Can give determination
Negative:
-Demotivating
What’s knowledge of results?
Form of external FB and important in early stages of skill acquisition.
Success=motivation
No success=demotivation
What’s knowledge of performance?
Performer knows when performing well.
Pattern of movement.
Success=motivation
No success=demotivation
What makes effective feedback?
-Limited info
-Immediacy
-Related to individual
-Facilitate intrinsic FB
What is an S-R bond?
Stimuli and response bond
What is Operant conditioning?
-Associationist view of learning.
-S-R bond
-Association
-Skinner’s rats
-Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
-Rewarded
-Strengthens S-R bond
-Replaces negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
-Not punishment
-Remove stimuli
-New S-R bond
Reinforcement through punishment
-Break S-R bond
-Introduce adverse stimulus
What are Thorndikes laws?
Law of effect
Law of exercise
Law of readiness
Law of effect
-If response is reinforced, then
learning bond is reinforced
-Satisfier is strengthened
-Annoyer is weakened
Law of exercise
More the response is practised, stronger the S-R bond will be
Law of readiness
If S-R bond is to be strengthened, learner must be physically and mentally prepared to perform skill.
What are intervening variables?
Mental processes occurring between stimulus being retrieved and the response
What’s insight learning?
Problem solving involving memory, previous experiences.
