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Physics > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

name two examples of a scalar quantity and two examples of a vector quantity

A

scalar: speed/distance/mass/temperature
vector: displacement/momentum/force/acceleration/
velocity

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2
Q

a tennis ball is dropped from a height. name one contact force and one non contact force that act on the ball as it falls

A

contact force: air resistance
non contact force: gravitational force

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3
Q

explain the difference between scalar and vector quantities and contact and non contact forces

A

vector quantities have a magnitude and direction- scalar quantities have magnitude but no direction

contact force: when two objects have to be touching for a force to act
non contact force: if objects do not need to be touching for the force to act

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4
Q

what is the formula for calculating the weight of an object

A

weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)

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5
Q

what is a free body diagram

A

a model of the forces acting on an object

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6
Q

give the formula for calculating work done by a force

A

work done(j) = force(n) x distance(moved along the line of action of the force) (m)

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7
Q

how many joules of work done does 1 Nm equal

A

one joule

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8
Q

describe the forces acting on an object in equilibrium

A

if all of the forces acting on an object combine to give a resultant force of zero, the object is in equilibrium

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9
Q

what is the difference between an elastic and an inelastic deformation

A

an object has been elastically deformed if it can go back to its original shape and length after force has been removed

an object has been inelastically deformed if it doesnt return to its original shape and length after the force has been removed

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10
Q

equation for force extension and spring constant of an object

A

force (N) = Spring constant (N/m) x Extension (m)

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11
Q

what is the limit of proportionality

A

Limit of proportionality is the point which if exceeded, the spring extension will no longer be proportional to the load. (Usually, when we pull a spring, it will restore back to the original length once the pulling force is removed. If pulled hard enough, the spring will not spring back to the original length.)

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12
Q

how do you find the following from a linear force extension graph
a) spring constant
b)work done

A

a) the gradient of the straight line is equal to the spring constant
b) force x distance on the graph

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13
Q

define a moment and state an equation for calculating the size of a moment

A

a force can cause an object to rotate- the turning effect of a force is called its moment
moment of a force (Nm) = Force (N) x Distance (m)

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14
Q

if a seesaw is balanced what can you say about the moments?

A

when a seesaw is balanced its moments are equal (the moment of each person on the seesaw equals their weight x their distance from the pivot)

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15
Q

explain why the pressure increases as you go deeper into a column of a liquid

explain why density of liquid effects pressure

A

the more dense a given liquid is the more particles it has in a certain space. this means theres more particles that are able to collide so the pressure is higher

as the depth of the liquid increases the number of particles above that point increases. The weight of these particles adds to the pressure felt at that point so liquid pressure increases with depth

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16
Q

what causes an object to float or sink

A

if the upthrust on an object is equal to the objects weight then the forces balance and the object floats, if its weight is more then the upthrust the object sinks

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17
Q

explain how and why atmospheric pressure varies with height

A

how:
there are fewer air molecules above a surface as the height increases. this means that the weight of the air above it which contributes to the atmospheric pressure, decreases with altitude
why:
atmospheric pressure is created on a surface by air molecules colliding with the surface- as altitude increases atmosphere gets less dense so theres fewer air molecules that are able to collide with the surface

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18
Q

what is the difference between displacement and distance

A

distance is scalar, displacement is vector
distance is how far an object has moved, its a scalar quantity because it doesn’t include direction
displacement is a vector quantity because it measures the distance and direction in a straight line from an objects starting point to its finishing point

eg if you walk 5m north then 5m south your displacement is 0m but the distance travelled is 10 m

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19
Q

define acceleration in terms of velocity and time

A

acceleration = change in velocity (m/s) divided by time (s)

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20
Q

what does uniform acceleration mean

A

speeding up or slowing down at a constant rate

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21
Q

what does the gradient represent for a distance time graph

A

gradient= speed (steeper the graph the faster its going

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22
Q

what does the gradient represent for a velocity time graph

A

gradient = acceleration

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23
Q

what is terminal velocity and what causes it

A

Terminal velocity is a steady speed achieved by an object freely falling through a gas or liquid (maximum velocity attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid. It occurs when the sum of the drag force and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has zero acceleration.)

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24
Q

state newtons three laws of motion

A

In the first law, an object will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force

In the second law, the force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. F=m(kg) x a (m/s2)

In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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25
Q

what is inertia

A

until acted upon by a resultant force objects at rest stay at rest and objects moving at a steady speed will stay moving at that speed (newtons first law) this tendency to continue in the same state of motion is called inertia

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26
Q

what is the stopping distance of a vehicle?

A

the thinking distance combined with the braking distance

27
Q

state 4 things that can affect the braking distance of a vehicle

A

SPEED- faster a vehicle travels the longer it takes to stop
WEATHER/ROAD SURFACE- wet or icy or leaves or oil- less grip so less friction between a vehicles tyres and the road which cab cause tyres to skid
CONDITION OF TYRES- if the tyres on a vehicle have no tread left they cant get rid of water in wet conditions this leads to them skidding on top of the water
BRAKES- if brakes are worn or faulty they wont be able to supply as much force as well maintained brakes

28
Q

give two things that affect a persons reaction time

A

tiredness/drugs/alcohol/distraction

29
Q

what is an average reaction time

A

typical human reaction time is between 0.2 and 0.9s

30
Q

explain momentum before=momentum after

A

in a closed system, the total momentum before an event (e.g. collision) is the same as after the event. This is called conservation of momentum

31
Q

state the formula used to calculate an objects momentum

A

momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

32
Q

explain how car safety features use momentum and forces to reduce the risk of injury to passengers

A

crumple zones: crumple on impact, increasing the time taken for the car to stop
seat belts: stretch slightly, increasing the time taken for the wearer to stop
air bags: inflate before you hit the dashboard of a car the compressing air inside it slows you down more gradually than if you had just hit the hard dashboard

33
Q

explain how crashmats and bike helmets use momentum and forces to reduce the risk of injury to passengers

A

bike helmets contain a crushable layer of foam which helps to lengthen the time taken for your head to stop in a crash. This reduces the impact on your brain

crash mats and cushioned flooring increase the time taken for you to stop if you fall on them, this is because they are made from soft compressible materials

34
Q

what affects thinking distance

A

SPEED- The faster your going the further you’ll travel during the time you take to react
REACTION TIME- the longer your reaction time the longer your thinking distance

35
Q

what is thinking distance

A

how far the car travels during the drivers reaction time

36
Q

what is braking distance

A

the distance taken to stop under the braking force

37
Q

what is the amplitude of a wave

A

the amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its undisturbed position

38
Q

what is the frequency of a wave

A

the frequency of a wave is the number of complete waves passing a certain point per second ( measured in hertz, 1hz is 1 wave per second)

39
Q

what is the period of a wave

A

the amount of time it takes for a full cycle of the wave

40
Q

describe the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves and give and example of each kind

A

in transverse waves the ocillations are perpendicular (90 degrees) to the direction of energy transfer, most waves are transverse including: all electromagnetic waves, ripples and waves in water, a wave on a string

in longitudinal waves the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
examples are: sound waves in air: ultrasound
shock waves eg seismic waves

41
Q

state the law of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

42
Q

define specular and diffuse radiation

A

specular: when a wave is reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface e.g. when light is reflected by a mirror you get a nice clear reflection

diffuse: when a wave is reflected by a rough surface like a piece of paper and the reflected rays are scattered in different directions

43
Q

true or false? all electromagnetic waves are transverse

A

true
all em waves are transverse waves that transfer energy from a source to an absorber

44
Q

explain refraction

A

when a wave crosses a boundary between materials at an angle and it changes direction- its refracted

45
Q

what kind of current is used to generate radio waves in an antenna

A

alternating current

46
Q

explain why microwaves are used for satellite communication and mobile phone signals

A

they can pass easily through earths watery atmosphere

47
Q

give an every day use of infrared radiation

A

infrared cameras and electric heaters

48
Q

what type of radiation is used to transmit a signal in an optical fibre

A

infrared- light rays

49
Q

name the type of radiation produced by the lamps in tanning salons

A

ultraviolet

50
Q

what does the term ionising radiation mean

A

Ionising radiation refers to radiation that has enough energy to break an electron away from an atom, a process called ionisation.

51
Q

what does radiation dose in sieverts measure

A

radiation dose measured in sieverts is a measure of the risk of harm from the body being exposed to radiation

52
Q

give the three rules for refraction in a convex lens and the three for a concave lens

A
53
Q

explain the terms real image and virtual image

A

a real image is where the light from an object comes together to form an image on a screen, like the image formed on an eyes retina

a virtual image is when the rays are diverging so the light from the object appears to be coming from a completely different place

54
Q

true or false opaque objects transmit light

A

false

opaque objects dont transmit light, when visible light waves hit them they absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others

55
Q

describe how colour filters work

A

colour filters filter out different wavelengths of light, so that only certain colours are transmitted, the rest are absorbed

56
Q

describe the rates of radiation absorbtion and emission for an object at a constant temperature

A

objects at a constant temperature emit infrared radiation at the same rate that they are absorbing it

57
Q

what is a perfect black body

A

an object that absorbs all of the radiation that hits it, no radiation is reflected or transmitted

58
Q

what is a leslie cube?

A

Leslie’s cube is a device used in the measurement or demonstration of the variations in thermal radiation emitted from different surfaces at the same temperature.

59
Q

explain how absorbtion relection and emission of radiation affects the earths temperature

A

the overall temperature of the earth depends on the amount of radiation it reflects absorbs and emits

during the day lots of radiation is tranferred from the sun and absorbed. this causes an increase in local temperature.

60
Q

what is the frequency range of human hearing

A

20- 20,000 Hz

61
Q

explain how ultrasound is used in prenatal scanning industry and echo sounding

A

ultrasound waves can pass through the body but whenever they reach a boundary between two different media (like fluid in the womb and the skin of the foetus) some of the wave is reflected back and detected

it can be used to find flaws in objects such as pipes or materials such as wood or metal, when entering a material they will usually be reflected by the far side of the material, if theres a crack inside the object the wave will be reflected sooner

62
Q

how can s and p waves be used to explore the structure of earths core

A

P waves are detected on the opposite side of the Earth. Refractions between layers cause two shadow zones, where no P waves are detected – the size and positions of these shadow zones indicate there is a solid inner core.

S waves are not detected on the opposite side of the Earth – this suggests that the mantle has solid properties, but the
outer core
must be liquid.

63
Q

This graph shows the velocity of a falling object against time. Explain how changing forces on the object cause the graph to reach a maximum.

v|
e|—————————-
l | ~~~~~~~~~~~
o| /
c|/
i|—————————->
t time
y

A

As velocity increases, the drag force experienced by the object increases as well. As the force of gravity acting on the object doesn’t change, the resultant force acting on the object decreases as its velocity increases. This means that the acceleration of the object also decreases. The acceleration keeps decreasing until it reaches zero, at which point the velocity of the object becomes constant — it stops increasing and reaches a maximum.

Physics (1 decks)

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