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Physics > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unit of measurement for weight (force)

A

Newtons

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2
Q

What equipment can you use to measure weight

A

Newtonmeter / spring balance

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3
Q

How do you calculate weight

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (10)

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4
Q

What is acceleration

A

How quickly velocity is changing

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5
Q

What is a moment

A

A turning effect of a force

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6
Q

What is the principle of moments

A

If an object is balanced then: Total Anticlockwise Moments = Total Clockwise Moments

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7
Q

How do you calculate a moment

A

Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance between pivot and force

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8
Q

What is the unit of measurement for moments

A

Newton meters (Nm)

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9
Q

How to calculate momentum

A

Momentum = mass x velocity / P=mv

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10
Q

Definition of conservation of momentum

A

When no external forces act

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11
Q

What is Hooke’s law

A

Extension is proportional to force

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12
Q

Describe an experiment for Hooke’s law

A

Set up spring on clamp on a weighted stand
Record initial length
Add a series of equal weights one after another and record each time.
Plot a graph using the results (x axis - extension, y axis - weight)

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13
Q

What happens to the graph line when the force becomes great enough

A

It curves

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14
Q

What is the limit of proportionality

A

The maximum force where force is proportionate to extension

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15
Q

What is a static charge

A

A charge that builds up in one place and is not free to move

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16
Q

Why is static charge more common in insulators

A

The current cant move

17
Q

Common electrical conductors

A

Copper and silver

18
Q

Common electrical insulators

A

Plastic and rubber

19
Q

How are positive and negative electrostatic charges produced on materials

A

Electrons are scraped off one material, which becomes positive, and dumped on the other, which becomes negative

20
Q

Give an example of friction in insulating materials

A

Polythene rod rubbed with duster, electrons move from duster to rod. Rod becomes negatively charged, and duster has equal positive charge

21
Q

Explain electrostatic phenomena in terms of movement of electrons

A

An electric charge builds up on an isolated object (e.g. jumper), voltage between object and earth increases.
If voltage gets too high, electrons jump across gap between charged object and the earth, this is the spark.

22
Q

Snell’s law equation

A

Refractive index = Sin I / Sin R

23
Q

Equation for kinetic energy

A

KE = 1/2MV^2

24
Q

Describe the magnetic field around a straight wire

A

Made of concentric circles with the wire in the centre

25
Q

Describe the magnetic field around a flat circular coil

A

Concentric elipses around each magnetic coil with a straight line in the middle

26
Q

Descrive the structure of a transformer

A

Two coils (primary and secondary) joined with an iron core

27
Q

What effect do the transformers have on alternating voltage and why

A

They change the voltage of a current depending on the amout of turns on each coil

28
Q

What are step up transformers

A

Increase the voltage, as they have more turns in the secondary coil than the primary coil

29
Q

What are step down transformers

A

Decreases the voltage, as they have more turns in the primary coild than the secondary coil

30
Q

Use of step up transformers in energy transmission

A

The lower the voltage the higher the current, because Power = Voltage x Current, current causes wires to heat up therefore more voltage is needed to prevent wires heating up.

31
Q

Use of step down transformers in energy transmission

A

Used at the end of transmission to reduce the voltage to it’s safer and more useful for places like homes.

32
Q

Transformer equation

A

Primary Voltage / Secondary Voltage = Primary turns / Secondary turns

33
Q

Equation for orbital speed

A

2 x Pi x orbital radius (m) / time period (s)

34
Q

What is a redshift

A

an observed increase in the wavelength or decrease in the frequency of the light from light sources that is moving away from the earth
the light shifts towards the red section of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum

35
Q

How do you calculate the amount that light from a galaxy is redshifted

A

Change in wavelength / Reference wavelength = Velocity of galaxy / Speed of light

36
Q

How does redshift suggest that the universe is expanding

A

Further away galaxies have greater redshifts than nearer ones, which means that distant galaxies are moving faster away from us than nearer ones, therefore the universe is expanding.

37
Q

Describe what happens to frequency and wavelength if a wave source is moving relative to an observer

A

It’s the same wave pattern but at lower frequencies and longer wavelengths.

38
Q

What is a solenoid

A

A coil of wire

Physics (4 decks)

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