Paper 2 Flashcards
According to the collision theory what affects the rate of reaction
high temp
powder»solid because it provides a larger surface area
pressure/concentration–>more particles in a fixed volume so there is higher chance of successful collisions
how do catalysts affect the rate of reaction
lowers activation energy—>easier for reactions to take place
describe le chateliers principle
whenever a change in conditions introduced to a system at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will shift to cancel out the change
how do you work out the rf value
distance moved by spot/distance moved by substance
test for hydrogen gas
squeaky pop test
test for oxygen gas
relights glowing splint
test for co2 gas
turns lime water(alkaline sodium hydroxide) cloudy
test for chlorine gas
bleaches damp litmus paper
name the atmospheric gasses and their percentage abundance
co2=0.04
o2=21
nitrogen=78
name the early atmospheric gases
ammonia(NH3)
methane
co2
water vapour
name 3 greenhouse gases
water vapour
methane(CH4)
co2
Hydrogen peroxide symbol
H2O2
Hydroxide ion
-OH
sulfate ion
SO4-2
Nitrate ion
NO3-
Carbonate ion
CO3-2
Ammonium ion
NH4+
Describe bio leaching
Add bacteria to water with metal dissolved in it, after absorbing the bacteria they then leach it out(bacteria piss with metal inside it)
Describe Phytomining
plant a plant in metal rich soil, plants absorb the metal ions we then cut the plant burn it and carry out electrolysis on its ashes
what do life assessments consider
energy
materials used
production
use of product
disposal of product
separation techniques
chromatography
Distillation(removes solute from solvent)
filtration(insoluble particles)
what does the group number tell you
number of electrons on the outershell
what does the row(period) tell us
number of shells
what happens to metals when they bond
give out electrons
what happens to non metals when they bond
take electrons
what happens to the reactivity of group one (alkali)as you go down
the reactivity increases, because the outer electron is further from the nucleus so it is easier to loose it and reach a full outershell
what does the bottom number represent on a chemical symbol
atomic number(proton number)number of protons/electrons
what happens to the reactivity of group 7(the halogens) as you go down
the reactivity decreases as the outer shell is further way from the nucleus, so electrons are not accepted as easily
what does the top number represent on a chemical symbol
mass number= protons and neutrons in the nucleus
what is ionic bonding
the bonding between a metal and a non metal. Metal donates electrons to non metal.
metal becomes a positive ion while non metal becomes a negative ion
what is covalent bonding
non metals sharing electrons as they cannot give any
electrons needed=covalent bonds made
what are fullerenes
a type of carbon with cage like structures and tubes based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
first one discovered was the buck minister fullerene(C60)
what is graphite
an allotrope of carbon. Only forms 3 bons therefore there will be one delocalised electron
hexagons arranged in giant layers
there is no covalent bonds between the layers, therefore weak intermolecular forces and layers can slide over each other
therefore can conduct thermal energy and electricity
what is graphene
most reactive form of carbon
great conductor of electricity
one single layer of graphite
what are carbon nanotubes
cylinder fullerenes
high tensile strength
used to reinforce composite materials
drug delivery in body
lubricants
catalysts
what is metallic bonding
atoms form a lattice ions surrounded by a see of free delocalised electrons
metal+oxygen(oxidation)
metal oxide
what are polymers
carbon based molecules made by joining monomers together to make long chains
metal/metal oxide+water
metal hydroxide(alkali)+hydrogen
acid+metal hydroxide
salt+water(neutralisation)
avogadros constant
6.02*10^23
what is the formula for the number of moles
mass/ar or mr
formula for concentration
amount solute g/volume of solution dm^3
amount of solute g/volume cm^3*1000
what ions do acids give out
H+
exothermic
energy released
