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Clinical and profesional skills > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define wavelength (λ)

A

Distance between any particle and the nearest one at the same stage of it’s motion

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2
Q

Define period (T)

A

Time taken for any particle to undergo a complete oscillation

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3
Q

Define frequency (f)

A

Number of cycles that a particle undergoes in one second

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4
Q

What is the SI unit of energy

A

Joule, J

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5
Q

What is the SI unit of power

A

watt, W

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6
Q

What is the SI unit of charge

A

coulomb, C

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7
Q

Unit of energy when an electron is accelerated across an X-ray tube

A

electronvolt (eV)

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8
Q

3 factors affecting X-Ray spectrum

A

Tube voltage (kV)

Tube current (mA) and time (s)

Filtration

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9
Q

4 fates of X-ray photons striking matter

A

Completely absorbed: photoelectric effect

Scattered with same energy: Rayleigh scattering

Scattered with lower energy: Comptom scattering

Passes through with no interaction: transmission

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10
Q

How would it appear when radiation passes through something easily and comes into contact with an image receptor (radiolucent)

A

Black area

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11
Q

How would it appear when radiation does not penetrate something very well, it will not make it to the image receptor (radiopaque)

A

White area

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12
Q

3 intraoral radiographs

A

Intraoral Periapicals (IOPA)

Bitewings

Occlusals

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13
Q

2 extraoral radiographs

A

Orthopantomogram (DPT/OPT)

Cephalometric views

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14
Q

Name the cause of real shadows and give 3 examples

A

Structures in, or close to the focal trough

Hard tissue shadows

Air shadows

Soft tissue shadows

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15
Q

Name the cause of ghost shadows and give 3 examples

A

Structures on the opposite side or a long way from the focal trough

Cervical vertebrae

Body, angle and ramus of mandible

Palate

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16
Q

Who does Ionising Radiations Regulations IRR (NI) 2017 protect

A

Staff working with radiation
Members of the public

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17
Q

Who does Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations IR(ME)R (NI) 2018 protect

A

Patients

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18
Q

Dose investigation level

A

> 1mSv in a year

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19
Q

Action level

A

> 0.4mSv in a single monitoring period

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20
Q

What is an accidental exposure

A

An individual has received an exposure in error, when no exposure of any kind was intended e.g. wrong patient

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21
Q

What is an unintended exposure

A

Although the exposure of an individual was intended, the exposure they received was significantly greater or different to that intended

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22
Q

What does PAUSE radiation safety stand for

A

Patient
Anatomy
User checks
Systems and settings
Exposure

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23
Q

3 methods of radiation protection

A

Time

Distance

Shielding

24
Q

2 film based receptors which produce analogue images

A

Direct action film

Indirect action film

25
Q

2 digital based detectors which produce digital images

A

Computed radiography detectors

Digital radiography detectors

26
Q

3 digital radiology artefacts

A

Dust particles on the phosphor

Mechanical damage

Banding due to laser optics

27
Q

Equipment exposure factors for intra-oral unit (volts and time)

A

60 to 70 kV
0.2 to 0.5 s

28
Q

Equipment exposure factors for orthopantomograph unit (volts and time)

A

50 to 80 kV
15 s

29
Q

Equipment exposure factors for cephalography unit (volts and time)

A

60 to 90 kV
Less than 1 s

30
Q

3 bitewing holder components

A

Mechanism for holding the receptor parallel to the teeth

Bite-platform

X-ray beam-aiming device

31
Q

What are deterministic effects on cells and when do they appear

A

Cell damage beyond repair
Appear after days, months

32
Q

What are stochastic effects on cells and when do they appear

A

Cell repaired with mutation
Appear after years

33
Q

When to use bisecting angle technique

A

If patient can’t tolerate film in mouth

34
Q

What do Intraoral periapicals (IOPA) show

A

Entire tooth, from the crown to the root tip

35
Q

What do bitewings show

A

Teeth above the gum line and the height of the bone between teeth

36
Q

What do occlusals show

A

Roof or floor of the mouth

37
Q

What do orthopantomogram (DPT/OPT) show

A

All the teeth and their surrounding structures on one image

38
Q

What do cephalometric views show

A

Side view of head, exposing teeth, jaw, and surrounding structures

39
Q

2 examples of direct digital radiology detectors

A

Solid state sensors

Charge-coupled device (CCD)

40
Q

1 example of computed radiology detectors

A

Photostimulable phosphor storage plate (PSP)

41
Q

3 sources of radiographic noise

A

Detector: X-ray film, digital detectors

Electronics

X-ray quantum noise

42
Q

3 duty holders of IRR

A

Employers

Radiation protection supervisor (RPS)

Radiation protection adviser (RPA)

43
Q

4 duty holders of IRMER

A

Employer

Referrer

Practitioner

Operator

44
Q

4 requirements of all medical exposures under IRMER

A

Justified

Authorised

Optimised

Evaluated

45
Q

What is inverse-square law

A

Quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

46
Q

3 factors for rating X-ray tubes

A

kW: how much power can be applied continuously

HU: the heat units which can be stored before the temperature exceeds an acceptable value

HU/min: how quickly stored heat can be dissipated

47
Q

3 main ways of setting exposure factors for an X-Ray tube

A

Manual selection (kv-mAs)

Anatomically programmed radiography (APR)

Automatic exposure control (AEC)

48
Q

Dose requirements for a controlled area

A

Greater than 7.5 μSv/h

49
Q

Who is IRMER enforced by NI

A

Regulation and quality improvement authority RQIA

50
Q

Who is IRR enforced by NI

A

Health and safety executive Northern Ireland HSENI

51
Q

Define exposure and it’s units

A

Amount of charge released in air by radiation per unit mass
Units C kg-1

52
Q

Define kinetic energy released per unit mass (Kerma) and its units

A

Energy transferred to a material by uncharged particles per unit mass
Units J/kg = Gray (Gy)

53
Q

What is the colour of the bite block for anterior IOPA

A

Blue

54
Q

What is the colour of the bite block for posterior IOPA

A

Yellow

55
Q

What is the colour of the bite block for bitewings

A

Red

Clinical and profesional skills (3 decks)

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