Paper 2 Flashcards
how did the issue of succession worsen anglo-sottish relations?
-by 1700 Mary and William had no children; concerns about who the throne would go to if Mary died childless started to circulate
- throne was given to Sophie, Electress of Hanover by Act of Settlement 1701; was passed without Scotland’s involvement
- anti Scottish Anne got throne after Sophie died
why was the passing of the act of settlement continuous?
Queen Anne was very anti-sottish in her views and attitude, knew little about Scottish subjects and was truly English at heart; would obviously prioritise England over Scotland
how did king William attempt to govern Scotland?
giving posts to powerful noblemen (eg. Dukes of Queensberry, Argyl, Hamilton) in attempt to deliver pro-gov majority upfront
why did William’s strategy to govern Scotland fail?
aristocrats were divided by bitter personal rivalries - difficult to govern country
- in S parliament: COURT PARTY was pro-willian; COUNTRY PARTY was anti-william
International trade and the Navigation Acts - summary of facts and how it worsened Anglo-Scottish relations
During the end of the C17th many countries started colonisation of other countries and put taxes and restrictions on trading goods with rival countries in attempt to gain power and control
Navigation Acts, passed 1660-1670s, proclaimed that Scotland could only trade with England and not with her colonies in North America.
Scots used tramping to overcome these changes: they would use fake documents and use ships of trading countries and England to trade worldwide.
King William was advised to end Scotlands participation in the English-controlled Royal African Company and the Hudson Bay Company; Englands interests came first.
How it affected relations:
Scotland was treated as a foreign country and resentment grew towards the English; Scottish merchants couldn’t trade well and received near no profit which caused an abatement of economy
Act if Security
13 August 1703
Scotland demanded the right to decide upon Queen Anne’s successor after her death and free trade with English North American colonies if Scotland and England were to share a monarch.
Scottish Parliament might pick a monarch to challenge Queen Anne like the Old Pretender
explain why the Darien scheme failed because of its unsuitability for colonisation
- land was unsuitable for farming: 1699 colonisers faced food shortages; 200” rainfall per annum
- full of killer disease: malaria, typhoid. yellow fever, cholera; settlers had no natural immunity against them
- 1699: severe food shortages at Darien
Wool Act
1704
wool could not be imported into Scotland
Alien Act
February 1705
In response to the Worcester Affair
All Scot’s in England would he treated as foreigners; key trade of Scotland with England in cattle, silk, cotton and coal would be banned unless negotiations for a full union started by 25 Dec 1705
Scotland, economically vulnerable, accepted and formed a union between the Scottish and English Parliaments
This would settle the difficulty of succession and of managing Scottish affairs - the Scottish Parliament would seize to exist; would also avoid any of Queen Anne’s successors having to agree to limitations imposed upon royal powers
outline Scotland’s economic problems
- last 3rd of C17th: Little Ica Age - colder and wetter weather; disastrous for farming
- 1695-99: Ill Years - famine and increasing emigration: 15% population loss to Ulster, 5% famine-related deaths, 200 000 beggars
- huge dept: 1/4 of estates sold due to bankruptcy
how did the Scottish parliament react to the act of settlement, and how did this increase anglo-sottish relations?
- 1703, passed act of security - Scotland was able to decide upon queen Anne’s successor and Scotland and elgnald could not have same sovereignty unless granted free trade with England and its colonies and would not interfere in Scottish affairs
- Tom Devine: “this read like a manifesto for independence”, queen could not risk the return of old pretender who would threaten her reign
what was the Worcester affair? how did it increased anglo-scottish tension?
- April 1705: captain - Thomas green - and 17 crew members of Worcester were hung on Leith Sands in front of 80 000 people
- showed the depth and extent of the anti-english sentiment that existed in Scotland at that point
- Led English Parliament to pass 1705 Alien Act
explain why the Darien scheme failed because of the actions of William of orange and the English
- forbade English and Dutch investment; was solely Scottish funded and had huge ec. impact
- forbade English merchants and colonies from offering any support to Scots; could not access vital supplies and provisions
how did mercantilism have a negative impact on Scotland?
in 1660s-1670s the English parliament passed Navigation acts which restricted Scotland’s participation in international trade: goods and produce were to only be transported and traded on English ships or those of the trading country; Scotland could also only trade with England and not its colonies. this led to an economic downfall in Scotland.
how did this impact Scotland and worsen anglo-sottish relations?
- Econ. disaster: borrowed £400k; lost £232 884
*destroyed Scottish morale - many believed English sabotaged S’s chance of independence; aggravated tension
- S didn’t benefit from shared monarchy: William prioritised England’s needs over Scotland’s hastening demise/end of Scheme and S’s sovereignty
Claim Of Right
11 April 1689
William and Mary could be crowned if promised to remedy abuses of James VII’s reign, esp on presbyterians
