Paper 2 Flashcards
physical health
ability to carry out daily tasks, with all body systems working well, free from injury or illness
Define mental health
A state of well-being in which every individual RECOGNISES their own potential, can COPE with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to their community
- ability to control emotions
- good body image and self-esteem
social health
- sense of belonging
- socialisiing and friendships
- teamwork and cooperation
fitness
the ability to meet the demands of the environment
reduces risks of injury
Define health
state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
wellbeing
a mix of physical, social and mental factors that give a sense of being comfortable, happy and healthy
consequences of a sedentary lifestyle
physical: weight gain, obseity, hypertension
mental: poor self esteem and body image, lethargy
social: isolation
sedentary lifestyle
inactive lifestyle with minimal to no physical activity with excessive sitting
Define obesity
people with large fat content, grossly fat or extremely overweight with BMI over 30
obesity and impact on performance
physical: increased risks of non communicable diseases eg cancer, diabetes, high cholesterol
limit flexibility, agility, loss of speed due to carrying excess weight
mental: loss of confidence and depression
social: inability to socialise
average caloric intake
male 2500kcal
females 2000kcal
somatotypes
ectomorph: tall, long limbs, little muscle and fat
mesomorph: muscular, low body fat %, B-road shoulders
endomorph: high-fat content, pear-shaped, narrow shoulders
why do we need a balanced diet?
different types of foods provide suitable nutrients, vitamins and mineral
for energy, growth and hydration
to perform daily tasks
prevent diseases and illnesses
skill vs ability
skill is learnt, needed hard work
ability is inherited potential
classifications of skills
basic/complex
externally paced/self paced
gross/fine
open/closed
types of goals
performance goals: no social comparison, only personal performance
outcome goals: with social comparison, a bigger picture aim of the result
SMART goals
specific: to the sport, movements or muscles used
measurable: can be seen when complete
accepted: eg by coach
realistic: achievable to their availability level
time-bound: cove a certain period of time to monitor progress regularly
four stages of information processing
input
decision making from working memory
output
feedback (pos/neg, ex/intrinsic)
types of feedback
intrinsic- performer giving themselves feelings and comments
extrinsic- information and opinions of others
knowledge of result/performance
positive/negative
four types of guidance
verbal
visual
manual
mechanic
verbal guidance
pros & cons
to give instructions with sayings
pros: Useful for higher-level performers,
Good for highlighting key points, Quick and easy
cons: info overload, boring, complex things hard to explain
manual guidance
where the coach physically assists the learner
pros: good to learn the correct feel, for complete beginners
cons: feels not doing it themselves
visual guidance
learning through demonstration
pros: can be copied easily, know to see specific requirements and be observed, all levels, can be online/ photos , no need to be in person
cons: need concentration, demonstrator must be of good quality, some may not be accessible to demonstrate eg swimming
mechanical guidance
Define, pros and cons
learning through the help of machines
pros: good for dangerous skills, gaining confidence
cons: may grow reliant, expensive equipment
qualitative VS quantitative data
qualitative: subjective data involving opinions eg explanations of results via observations, interviews or questionnaires
quantitative: data that can be quantified as a number, factual
role of fats in a balanced diet
To provide energy (at low intensities) (1)
• To help insulate the body (1)
• To protect vital organs (1)
• To support cell growth (1)
Explain why a games player requires carbohydrates and protein in their diet. 4 marker
Carbohydrates (sub-max 2 marks)
• During a game carbohydrates would be the preferred energy source enabling them to perform for
the whole game (1)
• Carbohydrates provide energy when working at different intensities which is a key component of
most games (1)
Protein (sub-max 2 marks)
• Protein can help develop muscular strength which will allow the player to potentially jump higher/
change direction quicker (1)
• After training/competing protein can help repair muscle tissue which means the player will be
ready to perform again (1)
State two positive effects that being physically active can have on mental health
Increase in confidence / self-esteem (1)
Reduces stress / tension / depression (1)
Release of (serotonin) feel good hormones / makes an individual feel happy (1)
Able to control emotions / anger (1)
State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s mental health
Depression (1)
Loss of confidence / self-conscious (1)
Anxiety / stress (1)
State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s social health.
Inability to leave home (as they are ashamed of their body) (1)
Inability to socialise or make friends (1)
Define an open skill
A skill which is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment
Outline the difference between self-paced and externally paced skills
AO1
Self-paced – started when the performer decides to start it / the speed, rate or pace of the skill is
controlled by the performer (1)
Externally paced – started because of an external factor / the speed, rate or pace of the skill is
controlled by external factors (1)
AO2
Self-paced – javelin throw / conversion in rugby / marathon running (1)
Externally paced – sprint start / when you respond to your opponents movement whilst marking (1)
Give an example of a complex skill. 4 marks
AO2 (sub-max 1 mark)
Performing a high jump (1)
AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)
Requires coordinated running in an accurate bend (1)
Correctly timed jump in relation to the bar/bed (1)
Effective body position to clear the bar (1)
Gender is a factor that affects the recommended calorie intake per day for an
individual.
Describe two other factors that affect calorie intake.
Age (sub-max 2 marks)
Age (1)
Under the age of 25 people need more calories (1)
When you get old your body replaces muscle with fat and fat burns fewer calories (1)
Height (sub-max 2 marks)
Height (1)
You need to consume more calories the taller you are (1)
Taller people have larger skeletons (1)
Energy expenditure (sub-max 2 marks)
Energy expenditure (1)
The more exercise you do the more calories you will need (1)
As you need more energy to carry out the exercise (1)
Define dehydration.
Excessive loss of body water interrupting the normal function of the body
Outcome goals
Concerned with overall result and winning, having comparison to others
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations
Intrinsic – the drive that comes from within (eg for pride, satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, self-worth) (1)
• Extrinsic – the drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (eg prizes, money, praise) (1)
Eg… running a pb in a marathon ; winning a medal
consequences of dehydration
- blood thickens (increased viscosity > slows blood flow)
- HR increase
- muscle cramps(lactic acid buildup)
- temp increase
- reaction time decrease
percentages of nutrition
carbs 55-60 %
fats 25-35 %
protein 15-20 %
vitamins, fibre, minerals, hydration in the mix
aggression
deliberate intent to harm another person
- direct: physical contact involved
- indirect: taken out on object
information processing
input (5 senses)
decision making (long + short term memory)
output (muscle movement)
feedback (intrinsic + ex)
personalities
extrovert - team sport, sociable, outgoing talkative - football rugby
introvert - shy quiet reserved - badminton, running
motivation
intrinsic: drive from within (pride, satisfaction, self-worth)
extrinsic: external rewards or result
PEDs definition
Performance enhancing drugs - substances that change chemical balance of body when taken and affecting performer’s ability, causing unfair advantage
types of PEDs
BADS PNB
Beta blockers
Anabolic steroids
Diuretics
Stimulants
Peptide hormones
Narcotic analgesics
Blood doping
Beta blockers
Prevent adrenelin to keep heart rate low, reduce muscle tension, anxiety and depression
eg divers, snooker players, fine motor skills
Anabolic steroids
increases muscles rate of recovery, increasing power and strength, can train harder for longer
since muscles gain faster
weight lifters, rugby player, cyclists (endurance sports)
high blood pressure, heart disease, imbalanced hormores
Diuretics
Remove excess water from body to lose weight rapidly.
mask use of other PEDs
jockeys, gymnasts
What are stimulants
Who is it good for and side effects
affect CNS, reduce feelings of pain and discomfort
increase mental and physical alertness and focus
swimming, athletics, games players- quick decisions
strokes, addiction, increased risk of injury (pain suppressing)
disads of PEDs
health risk
damaged reputation
loss of sponsorships/contracts
financial penalty
disqualifications or bans
teammates affected
reasons for PEDs use
achieve success, rewards, sponsorships
enhance performance
Level to playing field
influence by others
quick recovery or mask pain
WADA
world anti-doping agency
tests on athletes and education
procedures and manage tests
Define performance goals
Personal standards set to be achieved without comparison with other performers
Concerned with improve oneself’s skills and techniques and mastery
Define outcome goals
Judging the end result by comparing with other performers
What is blood doping? For who?
To increase performer’s RBC count
- removal of blood weeks before competition, and inject before competition
Mostly for endurance athletes, so more oxygen can be carried to muscles for energy
Side effects from blood doping
- thicken blood viscosity
- heart attack risk increase
- risk of blood-borne diseases eg HIV
- blockage of blood vessel
Side effects of diuretics?
Dehydration
Low blood pressure
Muscle cramp
Side effects of beta blockers?
Poor circulation leading to heart problems,
tiredness
weakness
Nausea
What are peptide hormones? Who for?
Improve muscle growth, production of RBCs to increase oxygen supply to muscles, hence reduces fatigue
Endurance athletes, long distance events
Risks of peptide hormones (EPO)?
Blood thickening -> Increased risk of heart attack/strokes
What are narcotic analgesics?
Strong painkillers to mask pain from injury or overtraining
Side effects of narcotic analgesics ?
Low blood pressure
Constipation
Loss of concentration and possible coma
Basic vs complex skills
Basic requires minimal decision making, learnt fairly quickly
As opposed to a lot of decisions needed and master with expertise and experience, time
Open vs closed skill + examples
Open: unstable, externally paced, affected by environment
Eg football pass, rugby tackle
Closed: opposite, repeatable every time
Eg javelin throw, somersault in gymnastics.
Self paced vs externally paced skills + examples
Self: start of movement controlled by performer
Eg long distance running, long jump
External: start of movement controlled by external factors
Eg returning badminton after opponent serves ; 100m sprint after starting pistol
Gross vs fine skills + example
Gross: involves large muscle groups, parts of body, not focused on precision
Eg rowing, running,
Fine: involves small precise movements, small muscle groups
Eg snooker, darts, archery
ways to control arousal levels
deep breathing
mental rehearsal, visualisation
positive self talk
what is direct aggression + eg
to cause harm by physical contact between performers
eg boxer punching opponent below belt ; football player kicking their opponent’s shin
what is indirect aggression + example
aggressive act taken out on an object to gain an advantage over an opponent without physical contact between performers
eg hitting volley with power very hard in tennis ; smashing shuttle hard in badminton to harm confidence of opponent
what are introvert types
personality that does not need a lot of arousal
what are extrovert types
personality that needs high levels of arousal
give four barriers to participation
- ethnicity
- disposable income
- accessibility
- gender
-media coverage - education
- family commitments
- available leisure times
positive effects of media coverage
- supporters become well informed
- encourage participation
- attract sponsorships
- develops personality and role models
negative effects of media coverage
- attendees reduce as people can watch from home
- minor sports not shown, only major
- sports personalities lose privacy
- events may be sensationalized to promote media rather than sport
- changes event timings and rules
what are attitudes?
opinions about people and thingsq
golden triangle of commercialisation?
sport spectators
media
businesses and sponsors
four benefits of sponsorship to the sponsor?
PAST
- publicity
- association
- support
- tax ( lower tax bill )
what does it mean to sponsor?
to provide resources (goods/money) in exchange for publicity
what is a commercialised sport?
using a sport to sell or buy goods, make profit
how has commercialisation affected officials? 4marker
both pos and neg
pos: more fame
increase pay
increase funding in sport > better technology and equipment
neg:criticism from fans
more pressure on officials to make the right decision
officials become dependent on tech or not confident in their decisions with it
benefits of technology (from sponsors) to performers
better recovery, equipment, nutrition, recovery, training, safety
what are some things sponsors provide?
footwear
gears
transport
facilities
food/drink
define etiquette
unwritten rules concerning player behaviour
define sportsmanship
Conforming to rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.
fairplay
define gamesmanship
Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to the limit 
define contract to compete
Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules
give examples of sportsmanship
- kick ball out in football when a player is injured
- shake hands of opponents and officials after match
- own up to breaking rules eg in golf
- graciously accepting the decision of an umpire, even if they believe the call is wrong 
give examples of gamesmanship
- retying shoe laces to break concentration of opponent in tennis game before an important serve
- deliberately falling after being tackled in the penalty area to try to win a penalty in football.
- time wasting
how is sportsmanship encouraged and maintained at the highest level of sport?
- drug test
- penalties eg fines or points deduction from clubs
- code of conduct
possible causes of hooliganisms
Rivalry
Alcohol
culture
ritual
frustration
Rihanna Always Calls Rude Fans (lol)
strategies against hooliganism
- alcohol not served within football grounds
- segregation of fans
- CCTV
- penalty eg ban for bad behaviours
Define arousal
The state of alertness, mental preparation and anticipation for an activity
How would a sport be affected if a large number of performers are tested positive on a drug test?
Affect reputation negatively
Reduce number of spectators because they lose interest
Losing sponsorships
Lose reliability of results of the sport
Successful sportsman in the sport may be suspected, a negative effect to their image
Benefits of sponsorships to the sport
- hold more competition
- increase prize money
- increase income
- build better facilities
Home field advantage
the tendency for sports performers to win more often when competing at their home facility with familiar facilities and crowds
Define Feedback
The ability and experience of a performer and the type of skill will affect the type of feedback given
3 main categories of disabilities
Mobility
Sensory
Mental
Factors affecting disability participation in sport?
Adaptability/inclusivity
Find suitable clubs/locations
Cost extra equipment is expensive
Lower media coverage
Separate opportunities
What is the media?
Main ways people communicate
What are different types of sport sponsorships?
Financial
Clothing
Facilities
Negative impact of sponsorship to performers
Pressure to perform/win
Pressure to use uncomfortable equipment
May lose deal for poor behaviour
Have to attend sport events, miss time from training
Positive impacts of sponsorship and media on the audience
More games shown live
More sports covered
Better quality coverage
Ability to buy branded kit
Negative impacts of sponsorship + media on the audience
Cost of subscription channels
Increasing cost to attend live games
People watch and don’t play the sport
How has technology impacted sponsors?
More cameras, so more publicity as brand logos are more likely to be filmed
Adverts in breaks
Increased cost to companies
Poorly performing teams give companies bad reputation
