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Chemistry > Paper 1 topics > Flashcards

Paper 1 topics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is oxidation?

A

when a substance gains oxygen

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2
Q

what is reduction?

A

when a substance loses oxygen

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3
Q

what is crystallisation?

A

when solid crystals are formed from a solution

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4
Q

what is filtration?

A

when solids are separated from a solution using filter paper

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5
Q

what is simple distillation?

A

when mixtures that have different boiling points are separated

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6
Q

what is fractional distillation?

A

when mixable liquids are separated

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7
Q

what is chromotography?

A

when components of a mixture are separated

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8
Q

who discovered electrons?

A

thomson

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9
Q

who carried out the alpha particle experiment?

A

geiger and marsden

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10
Q

who discovered the nucleus?

A

rutherford

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11
Q

who discovered that electrons travel in orbits around the nucleus?

A

bohr

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12
Q

who discovered neutrons in the nucleus?

A

james chadwick

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13
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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14
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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15
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron?

A

very small

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16
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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17
Q

what is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

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18
Q

what is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

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19
Q

what is an isotope?

A

an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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20
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

when electrons are TRANSFERRED from a metal to a non-metal
metals always lose electrons

21
Q

what is covalent bonding?

A

when electrons are SHARED between non-metals

22
Q

what is metallic bonding?

A

when electrons in the outer shell become delocalised

23
Q

what is an exothermic reaction? (with examples)

A

when energy is TRANSFERRED TO THE SURROUNDINGS, which increases its temperature

examples: combustion, oxidation reactions, neutralisations

24
Q

what is an endothermic reaction? (with examples)

A

when energy is TAKEN IN FROM THE SURROUNDINGS, which decreases the temperature of the surroundings

examples: thermal decomposition, reaction of citric acid

25
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for particles to react

26
Q

what happens with the energy during an exothermic reaction? (and the bonds)

A

energy is released to MAKE bonds

27
Q

what is the equation to find the enthalpy change? (in terms of bond energies)

A

energy of reaction = sum of broken bonds - sum of made bonds

28
Q

what is a cell?

A

2 electrodes dipped in an electrolyte system

29
Q

what is a battery?

A

2 or more cells connected in series

30
Q

what determines the voltage from the cell?

A

the identities of metals used as electrodes and the identity and concentration of an electrolyte

31
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

A

ADVANTAGES: no pollutants, no recharging
DISADVANTAGES: flammable, toxic chemicals

32
Q

what are properties of ionic substances?

A
  • high melting and boiling points => strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions
  • don’t conduct electricity when solid => ions in fixed positions
  • only conduct when molten or dissolved in water => ions are free to move
33
Q

what are properties of simple molecular covalent substances?

A
  • do NOT conduct electricity => no ions
  • low melting and boiling points => weak intermolecular forces
34
Q

what are polymers?

A

large molecules (VERY large) with atoms linked by covalent bonds

35
Q

what are giant covalent substances? (and examples)

A
  • atoms covalently bonded together in a giant lattice
  • high melting and boiling points => strong covalent bonds
  • mostly don’t conduct electricity => no delocalised electrons

examples: diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide

36
Q

what are alloys?

A

metals mixed with other elements

37
Q

what is the molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure?

A

24dm³

38
Q

why is it not always possible to have the theoretical amount of product in a chemical reaction?

A
  • reaction may not go to completion because it is reversible
  • some of the product may be lost when it is separated from the reaction mixture
  • some of the reactants may react in ways different to the expected reaction
39
Q

what is the law of conservation of mass?

A

no atoms are made or lost during a reaction, so the mass of products is the same as the mass of reactants

40
Q

what is avagadro’s constant?

A

the number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance.

6.02 x 10²³

41
Q

what is meant by the limiting reactant?

A

the reactant that is COMPLETELY used up

42
Q

number of moles =

A

mass / rfm

43
Q

percentage yield =

A

(actual mass produced / theoretical mass of product) x 100

44
Q

percentage atom economy =

A

(rfm of desired products / sum of rfm of reactants) x 100

45
Q

concentration (g/dm³) =

A

mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (dm³)

46
Q

concentration (mol/dm³) =

A

(concentration x solution volume (cm³)) / 1000

47
Q

volume of gases =

A

moles of gas x 24

48
Q

percentage by mass =

A

rfm of chemical / rfm of compound

Chemistry (3 decks)

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