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GCSE Geography - Ruby's Version > Paper 1: Section A - Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Paper 1: Section A - Natural Hazards Flashcards

Natural Hazards, Tectonic Hazards, Weather Hazards, Climate Change. Case studies: Chile & Nepal, Typhoon Haiyan, Somerset Level Floods 2014

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Natural event that has a huge social impact / environmental events threatening people.

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2
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

A natural hazard that occurs and causes high levels of death, injury, damage, destruction or disruption.

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3
Q

Link between natural hazards and disasters:

A

Natural hazards are possible disasters.

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4
Q

4 hazards causing natural disasters mainly:

A

Flood, tropical storms, earthquakes, droughts

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5
Q

What are the two main categories of natural hazards?

A

Geological & atmospheric

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6
Q

What is a geological hazard? Name 3.

A

Caused by tectonic processes. E.g. earthquake, avalanche, volcano

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7
Q

What is an atmospheric hazard? Name 3.

A

Caused by weather and climate processes. E.g. long periods of low rainfall can cause drought. Also hurricanes and flooding.

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8
Q

What is hazard risk?

A

The probability that a natural hazard occurs.

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9
Q

What is hazard risk influenced by?

A

DEFORESTATION (increases chance of flooding), URBANISATION (more people so impacts increase, higher death toll), DEVELOPMENT LEVEL/POVERTY (more wealth can reduce impacts), CLIMATE CHANGE (more severe, distribution), FARMING (in dangerous areas)

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10
Q

What are the two types of crust? Which is more dense?

A

Oceanic (more dense) and continental (less dense)

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11
Q

Earthquakes and volcanoes are primarily found where?

A

Plate boundaries

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12
Q

Plate movement is driven by what?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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13
Q

What happens at a constructive plate margin? Usually forms what kind of volcano?

A

2 plates moving APART. Lava from an underwater volcano. Causes mild earthquakes. Usually shield volcano (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

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14
Q

What happens at a destructive plate margin? Usually forms what kind of volcano?

A

Plates move towards each other. Deep ocean trench formed. Oceanic plate subducted. Friction - strong earthquakes. Composite volcanoes as sticky magma. Nazca plate and South American plate.

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15
Q

What happens when there are 2 continental plates at a destructive plate margin?

A

Collision plate boundary. Neither are subducted. No volcanoes as no magma. Forms fold mountains. Powerful earthquakes. Himalayas.

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16
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

A

Plates moving past each other. San Andreas Fault, California. Different speeds or different directions. No volcanoes as no magma. Earthquakes when they slip.

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17
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A sudden violent period of ground-shaking, caused by friction, pressures and stresses.

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18
Q

Describe the distribution of volcanoes:

A

Like earthquakes, most occur in belts along plate margins (Pacific Ring of Fire) but also at hot spots (Hawaii)

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19
Q

What is an effect?

A

A change as a result/consequence of a hazard.

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20
Q

What are the two types of effects? Give examples of each

A

Primary (direct result): destroy buildings, deaths.
Secondary (result of primary): tsunamis, landslides, fires.

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21
Q

What are the two earthquakes for the case study?

A

Chile 2010 and Nepal 2015.

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22
Q

Compare the GDP and HDI of Nepal and Chile.

A

Chile GDP 38/193 and HDI 41/187.
Nepal GDP 109/193 and HDI 145/187.

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23
Q

What was the cause of the Chile 2010 earthquake?

A

Nazca plate subducting under South American Plate.

24
Q

What was the cause of the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

Indo-Australian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate.

25
Q

What were the sizes of the Chile and Nepal earthquakes?

A

Chile: 8.8, shallow focus
Nepal: 7.9 VERY shallow focus.

26
Q

What were some primary effects of the Chile 2010 earthquake? (deaths, injuries, total affected)

A

500 killed, 12,000 injured, total 800,000 affected.
Power, water and communications cut.

27
Q

What was the damage cost of the Chile 2010 earthquake?

A

US$30 billion

28
Q

What were some primary effects of the Nepal 2015 earthquake? (deaths, injuries, total affected)

A

9000 killed, 20,000 injured, 8,000,000 total affected
Destruction of buildings and infrastructure.

29
Q

What was the damage cost of the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

US$5 billion

30
Q

What were some secondary effects of the Chile 2010 earthquake?

A

landslides, costal towns devastated by tsunami, chemical plant fire near Santiago

31
Q

What were some secondary effects of the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

Communities cut off by landslides/avalanches.
Avalanches Mt. Everest killed 19.

32
Q

What are the two kinds of responses? Provide examples

A

Immediate responses: done straight away; search & rescue, keeping survivors alive with emergency aid.
Secondary responses: after a period of time; rebuilding and reconstruction, restore normal life, reduce future risk.

33
Q

What were some short term responses to the Chile earthquake?

A

Emergency services acted swiftly.
International help for field hospitals, floating bridges.
Temporary repairs for Route 5 highway withing 24 hrs so aid can come from Santiago.
Power & water restored to 90% in 10 days.
National appeal raised US$60 million to build 30,000 shelters.

34
Q

What were some short term responses to the Nepal earthquake?

A

300,000 migrated from Kathmandu.
Field hospitals set up.
Half a million tents for shelter.
Search & rescue teams especially helicopters on Mt. Everest.
NGOs provided overseas aid.
Social media used in search & rescue.

35
Q

What were some long term responses to the Chile earthquake?

A

1 month later government reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households.
Strong economy reduced need for foreign aid.
Likely to recover fully in 4 years.

36
Q

What were some long term responses to the Nepal earthquake?

A

Roads repaired, landslides cleared. Lakes emptied to avoid flooding.
1000s of homeless rehoused.
Damaged homes & 7000 schooled repaired.
Stricter building codes.
June 2015 international conference to seek financial aid.
Tourism re boosted.

37
Q

Overall, how did the wealth difference reveal itself with regards to Chile and Nepal?

A

Chile wealthy and experienced so has a rapid and effective response. Nepal response hindered by poverty, depended on overseas aid.

38
Q

Why do people live near places vulnerable to hazards?

A

Fertile soil
Minerals, e.g. gold, silver, diamonds
Geothermal energy
Buildings can be designed to withstand risk
Large hazards rare
Limited choice - money, food, family
Improvements in monitoring - effective warning & evacuation
No knowledge of the risk

39
Q

How does Iceland benefit from tectonic activity?

A

Geothermal heating for 90% of buildings and generates 25% of electricity.
Tourism
Volcanic rocks used in construction.

40
Q

What are the four main management strategies for tectonic hazards?

A

Monitoring, prediction, protection, planning

41
Q

What is monitoring for tectonic hazards?

A

Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events. Seismometer to see ground deformation. Earthquakes hard to monitor.

42
Q

What is prediction of tectonic hazards?

A

Using historical evidence (important for earthquakes) and monitoring to predict hazards. Allows for evacuation.

43
Q

What is protection from tectonic hazards?

A

Designing buildings and infrastructure that can withstand hazards. E.g. earthquake-resistant construction.

44
Q

What is planning for tectonic hazards?

A

Identifying and avoiding places most at risk and preparing people for emergency responses.
Risk assessment, hazard mapping

45
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation?

A

The movement of air and gases around the Earth to balance the temperatures. Drives the world’s weather.

46
Q

What are the atmospheric cells?

A

Hadley, Polar and Ferrel cells.

47
Q

What direction do surface winds blow?

A

High (sinking air) to low (rising air) pressure.

48
Q

What is the Corriolis effect?

A

The Earth spins on its axis. Points near the equator rotate on axis faster.

49
Q

What weather is associated with high pressure?

A

30 degrees North/South
hot, dry desert
little rain

50
Q

What weather is associated with low pressure?

A

Hot, humid at Equator
Heavy rain - tropical rainforests.

51
Q

How does latitude affect climate?

A

Sun’s rays most concentrated at the equator and spread out at the poles so hotter at equator.

52
Q

How does curvature (Earth is spherical) affect climate?

A

Seasons and corriolis effect.
Rays concentrated at Equator but spread out at poles as pass through larger layer of atmosphere.

53
Q

How does air pressure affect slimate?

A

Creates cells that circulate the air and transfer heat.
High pressure: air sinks. Winds move away.
Low pressure: air rises. Winds move towards.o

54
Q

What are the conditions for a tropical storm to form?

A

Ocean temperature above 27 degrees.
Light wind shear - clusters of thunderstorms.
Corriolis effect (Northern hemisphere spin anticlockwise)

55
Q

Describe the structure of a tropical storm:

A

Eye: calm conditions, cool air sinks.
Eyewall: most intense, strong winds, thunder, lightning.
Edge: smaller thunderstorms, rain, strong winds.

56
Q

How will climate change affect tropical storms?

A

Distribution: sea temperatures warmer in more places.

57
Q

What scale is used to measure tropical storms?

A

Saffir-Simpson scale (1-5)

GCSE Geography - Ruby's Version (1 decks)

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