Paper 1 Section A Global urban change Flashcards
How is the world’s population changing?
Increasing!
Fastest growth in recent years (last 100-150yrs).
Took 39yrs to double from 3 to 6 billion
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth in the number of people living in towns and cities.
It is growing because of natural increase and migration.
How does urbanisation vary around the world?
Urban growth (the area that towns and cities cover) is greater in LICs and NEEs. The largest growth is in China, India and Nigeria (NEEs). Megacities are growing fastest in these areas.
What is a megacity?
a city with over 10million people
Why do cities grow?
Natural increase (link with DTM Stage 2 and 3) Rural to urban migration
What encourages people to move from the countryside to the cities in LICs and NEEs?
Know at least 3 push and 3 pull factors. Push: Farmland poor - can't gro crops Landlord takes back farmland Drought/Flood War No opportunities or services (water, electricity, education) Pull: Hope for food/water Hope of a job - formal/informal work Chance of education - better skills = better jobs Better medical care Better quality of life
Using an example you have studied assess the global and national importance of a city in a LIC or NEE
RIO de JANEIRO in BRAZIL
Locate it! Know the key areas - rich (Ipanema and Copacabana Beach) and poor (Rocinha/Nortn zone)
Rio is:
the cultural capital of Brazil (mix of people and cultures)
a UNESCO world heritage site
Natural surroundings (tourism)
Olympic Games in 2016
Manfacturing industries - chemicals and furniture
Reginal, national and international transport hub
Major port - cruises and industrial
Service industries - banking and finance
Major regional, national and international industrial centre - trade
Why has Rio grown?
Employment!
Migration - from Argentina and Bolivia
Also from the Amazon Basin
New business opportunities by China and South Korea
Portugal (Brazil is a former colony of Portugal and it speaks the same language)
Skilled workers from the USA and UK
What are the social challenges for a city in a LIC or NEE that you have studied?
Challenges for Rio..
Think ‘services’ eg education, health, water, sanitation and energy (electricity) for residents, migrants and industries.
How do solutions for the social challenges create opportunities?
Improve services..what are the benefits for the people and industries?
Health is imporved through improved water supply (300km of pipeleines) and diet. People are more able to work and work longer. Infant mortality is reduced. Life expectancy increases. Sanitation has improved with 7 new treatment plants.
Education provided for children and adults - better literacy, more skills gained. Scholarships are offered. One shanty settlement has its own university.
Energy supply is improved meaning people have access to electricity for warmth, light and cooking.
How have Rio’s economic challenges created economic opportunities?
Main industries that provide employment are the port, oil, manufacturing, retail, tourism, steel, construction and service industries.
Challeges are are a lack of employment. there are wide contrasts in wealth. 20% unemployment in the squatter settlements. Many people work i the informal sector which are poorly paid and work is irregular.
Opportunities include The School of Tomorrow which aims to provide education in the poorest and most violent areas.
Free childcare is available to teenage mothers to allow them to gain an education.
Violent crime is regular. Drugs gangs often control shanty towns. UPPs were set up up work with gangs in favelas and take back control eg Rocinha.
What are the environmental challenges and opportunities facing a city in a LIC or NEE (Rio)?
Air pollution from transport and industry
Opp? One way roads at peak times; toll roads; improvements in public transport.
Water pollution from industry (eg oil spills), a lack of sanitation and ships emptying their holds in the Guanabara Bay area.
Opp? 12 sewage works built; ships fined for polluting water; sewage pipes built to remove waste water.
Waste pollution - favelas are built on steep hills, making rubbish collection difficult. Waste is dumped at the side of homes causing diseases and attracting rats.
Opp? Rubbish collections; burning waste also creates energy for use in urban areas.
How are squatter settlements being improved? (Evaluate how a city in a LIC/NEE plans for its urban poor?)
Evaluate the successes of a strategy to improve an area for the urban poor
Use ROCINHA favela in Rio)
Improvements:
Site and service/ Self-help schemes to improve housing eg Rua 4
Green my Favela - community paly areas, plazas, trees planted;
Education? The 2 Brothers Foundation to educate the poor. Now has over 50 volunteers
The Favela Bairro project includes these ideas as well as building a cable car from the top to bottom of the settlement to allow people to get to the city centre to work. (one free round trip each day)
Better roads which are paved built, improved sanitation with sewage channels built at the edge of the streets.
UPPs to help control the favela.
Not a success because some people were displaced when the stadiums and facilities were built for the Olympics. A sense of community has not yet been established and some areas, Campo Grande, have no shops and are 90mins from the centre of Rio.
In some areas the residents lack the skills and resources to maintain their hiomes. The newly extended infrastructure is not beoing maintained either.
Urban areas in the UK - where do people live in the UK and what changes have there been in the last 200+ years?
The areas of greatest population density are in the south and the east, based on the capital city, London.
The nort and west are less populated.
Diuring the Industrial Revolution these areas were well-populated because of raw materials eg coal and manufacturing industries.
As the raw materials ran out and manufacturing moved overseas many people migrated to the south.
More recently people have moved from cities to rural areas to enjoy the peace and quiet and the cleaner air
Explain the importance of a UK city you have studied reginally, nationally and interntionally.
MANCHESTER
Locate it - NW of Eng.
Impotant educationally - universities attract international students eg UMIST, Man Met.
tourists visit Manchester for sporting and entertainment venues eg Manchester RAena, Man City/Utd football stadiums. Also main retail areas eg Trafford Centre and the Arndale in the centre of the city.
Importnat cultural city from migrant cultures. eg Chinatown.
Internationally Manchester is a major transport hub (International Airport) on the main West Coast Railway line.
