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geography > paper 1 section a > Flashcards

paper 1 section a Flashcards

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1
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The semi-molten layer at the top of the
mantle which flows due to convection
currents, moving the solid lithosphere
above.

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2
Q

Atmospheric circulation

A

The general movements of air around the Earth due to pressure and
temperature.

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3
Q

Climate change

A

A distinct change in global or regional patterns of climate, such as changes in temperature or precipitation patterns.

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4
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where two plates are moving alongside each other.

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5
Q

Continental crust

A

The thicker, less dense crust that makes up the continents.

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6
Q

Convection current

A

The movement of a fluid caused by a difference in temperature or density.

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7
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where two plates are moving towards each other.

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8
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

The effect of the Earth’s rotation on wind movements.

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8
Q

Cyclone

A

A tropical cyclone that hits Oceania or Madagascar.

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9
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other.

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10
Q

Eccentricity

A

The changing of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun from a circular shape to an ellipse.

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11
Q

what is the eye in a cyclone?

A

An area of a tropical cyclone with extremely low pressure and calm conditions.

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12
Q

what is the eye wall?

A

An area of a tropical cyclone with the most intense, powerful winds and torrential rain.

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13
Q

Ferrel Cell

A

At around 60° either side of the equator, moist air rises, and travels to lower atitudes at around 30° where it sinks, along with air travelling from the equator.

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14
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Fuels made up of the remains of organic material, such as oil, coal and gas.

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15
Q

Geological hazard

A

A hazard caused by processes on the land.

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16
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap energy in the Earth’s system and contribute to the greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
and nitrous oxides).

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17
Q

Hadley Cell

A

At the equator, hot moist air rises, moves to higher latitudes (30°) and sinks.

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18
Q

Hazard risk

A

The probability that a natural hazard will negatively affect a population.

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19
Q

Hotspot

A

An area where unusually hot magma breaks through the middle of a plate and travels up to the surface, creating a volcano.

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20
Q

Hurricane

A

A tropical cyclone that hits the USA, Latin America or the Caribbean.

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21
Q

Ice core

A

A cylinder of ice extracted from an ice sheet or glacier, which is used to analyse past environmental conditions.

22
Q

Immediate responses

A

Actions taken as soon as the hazard happens and in its immediate aftermath (hours, days, and potentially a week or
so after the event).

23
Q

Inner core

A

A solid ball of iron/nickel at the Earth’s centre. Radioactive decay within the inner core provides Earth’s internal energy.

24
Q

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A

An area surrounding the equator where global winds converge, causing an area
of low pressure with rainy conditions.

25
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid rock that lies on top of the
asthenosphere. The top of the
lithosphere is the crust, which is broken up into tectonic plates.

25
Q

Long-term responses

A

Actions taken after the immediate responses when the effects of the hazards have been minimised (weeks, months, and years after the event).

26
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surface.

27
Q

Mantle

A

The area underneath the crust which contains magma.

28
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

The cyclical variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun

29
Q

Natural hazard

A

A naturally occurring event that is a threat to a population.

30
Q

Obliquity (or axial tilt)

A

The tilt of the Earth’s axis, which
changes from 21.5° and 24.5°.

31
Q

Ocean currents

A

The predictable, continuous circulation of ocean water which transfers heat around the globe.

32
Q

Oceanic crust

A

The thinner, denser crust that makes up the ocean floor.

33
Q

Outer core

A

A molten layer of iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core and transfers energy by convection currents.

34
Q

Plate boundary

A

The point at which two plates meet.

35
Q

Polar Cell

A

At 60° north or south of the equator, moist air rises, and travels to the poles (90°), where it sinks.

36
Q

Precession

A

The point at which two plates meet.

37
Q

Pressure belt

A

A region of the Earth which is generally under the same pressure.

38
Q

Primary effects

A

The effects that are directly caused by the hazard itself.

39
Q

Quaternary Period

A

geological time period that started 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present

40
Q

richter scale

A

logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes.

41
Q

Secondary effects

A

The effects that are a result of the primary effects.

42
Q

Storm surge

A

A rise in sea level caused when a
tropical cyclone pushes a large amount of sea water onto the shore.

43
Q

Subduction

A

A process that occurs at a destructive plate boundary when a plate is pushed below another plate, forcing it to sink into the asthenosphere.

44
Q

Tectonic hazard

A

A natural hazard caused by the physical processes and movements of tectonic plates.

45
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Large slabs of the Earth’s crust that sit and move on top of the liquid mantle.

46
Q

The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

A process where the Earth’s surface is heated by the greenhouse effect at a higher rate due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

47
Q

The Greenhouse Effect

A

A natural process where greenhouse gases trap the energy from the Sun inside the Earth’s atmosphere, warming the Earth’s surface.

48
Q

Track

A

A typical pathway that a tropical cyclone takes which is driven by global wind circulation.

49
Q

Tree rings

A

A ring in a tree trunk that grows annually, indicating the conditions in the year it grew.

50
Q

Tropical cyclone

A

A very large, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain that forms in the tropics.

51
Q

Tsunami

A

A large wave caused by a large amount of water being displaced when plates move.

52
Q

Typhoon

A

A tropical cyclone that hits India, Japan or the Philippines.

geography (5 decks)

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