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BIOLOGY > PAPER 1 REVISION > Flashcards

PAPER 1 REVISION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what element do all biological molecules contain?

A

carbon

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2
Q

calcium ions Ca2+

A

involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transition

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3
Q

sodium ions Na+

A

involved in co-transport, reabsorption of water in the kidney and nerves impulse transmission

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4
Q

potassium ions K+

A

involved in stomatal opening and nerve impulse transmission

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5
Q

hydrogen ions H+

A

involved in chemiosmosis, pH determination and catalysis of reactions

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6
Q

ammonium ions NH4+

A

involved in nitrogen cycle, where by bacteria convert ammonium ions into nitrate ions

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7
Q

nitrate NO3-

A

mineral ion absorbed by plants to provide a source of nitrogen to make amino acids

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8
Q

hydrogencarbonate HCO3-

A

maintains the pH of the blood

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9
Q

chloride ions Cl-

A

provide a negative charge to balance to positive sodium ion and potassium ions in cells

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10
Q

phosphate PO4 3-

A

involved in the formation of phospholipids for cell membranes, nucleic acid and ATP formation and in making bones

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11
Q

hydroxide ions OH-

A
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12
Q

cations

A

positive ions

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13
Q

anions

A

negative ions

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14
Q

water as a biological molecule

A
  • polar, due to uneven charge distribution
  • hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen atom as the positive and negative regions interact with each other
  • covalent bond within molecule, hydrogen bond between multiple molecules
  • individual hydrogen bonds are weak, collectively provide strength
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15
Q

water: solvent

A

polar (hydrophilic)
can interact with other polar molecules
slight positive charge on hydrogen atoms will attract any negative solutes and slight negative charge of oxygen atoms will attract any positive ions in solutes

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16
Q

non-polar molecules (hydrophobic)

A

hydrophobic
cannot dissolve in water
repelled by water

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17
Q

purpose of cytosol in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells being mainly water

A

ensures many solutes can dissolve within the cell and then easily transported

18
Q

water: transport medium

A

polar substances dissolve easily and are transported in water around animals (blood) and plants (xylem)c

19
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules ‘sticking’ together by hydrogen bonds
*due to cohesion, when water moves up the xylem in plants due to transpiration, it is as a continuous column of water
ADVANTAGE: easier to draw up a column rather than individual molecules

20
Q

water: coolant
(high specific heat capacity)

A

water has a high specific heat capacity (lot of energy required to raise the temperature of water) due to energy required to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules
ADVANTAGE: internal temperatures of plants and animals should remain constant - so enzymes do not denature or reduce in activity with temperature fluctuations

21
Q

water: coolant
(large latent heat of vaporisation)

A

water has a large latent heat of vaporisation (a lot of energy is required to convert water in its liquid state to gaseous state) due to energy required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to turn it into a gas
ADVANTAGE: for organisms, providing significant cooling effect
e.g. animals sweat, plants transpire

22
Q

water: habitat

A

water buffers temperature meaning it provides a stable environment, in terms of temperature, for aquatic organisms

cohesions provides surface tension, enabling small invertebrates to move and live on the surface, providing habitat away from predator within water

ice is less dense than liquid water due to spacing of hydrogen bonds
ice floats on top of water providing a surface habitat for animals

23
Q

monomer

A

one (smaller) unit which can create large molecules (polymers)

24
Q

polymer

A

made from lots of monomers bonded together

25
Q

monomer glucose - what polymer?

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

26
Q

monomer amino acid - what polymer?

A

protein

27
Q

monomer nucleotide - what polymer?

A

DNA, RNA

28
Q

monosaccharides

A

one sugar unit
(monomer)
glucose, fructose, galactose

29
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugars bonded together
(dimer)
sucrose, maltose, lactose
joined by glycosidic bond
formed via condensation reaction
glucose + (gluc/galact/fruct)ose -> (malt/lact/sucr)ose + water
1,4 - glycosidic bond

30
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugars
(polymer)
starch, cellulose, glycogen

31
Q

ALPHA glucose

A

C6H12O6
hexagon
symmetrical

32
Q

isomer

A

same molecular structure, different structural isomer

33
Q

BETA glucose

A

C6H12O6
hexagon
unsymmetrical - hydroxyl on top of carbon 1

34
Q

condensation reaction

A

joining two molecules together by removing water (chemical bond formed)

35
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

splitting apart molecules through addition of water (chemical bond broken)

36
Q

starch

A
  • alpha glucose
  • 1,4 - glycosidic bonds (amylose)
    1,4 and 1,6 - glycosidic bonds (amylopectin)
  • store of glucose
  • plant cells (chloroplasts)
  • 2 polymers: amylose (unbranched helix), amylopectin (branched)
37
Q

how structure of starch leads to function

A
  1. helix can compact to fit a lot of glucose in small space
  2. branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
  3. insoluble - will not affect water potential
38
Q

cellulose

A
  • beta glucose
  • 1,4 - glycosidic bonds
  • structure strength for cell wall
  • plant cell wall
  • polymer forms long, straight chains: chains held parallel by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils, macrofibrils combine to form cellulose fibre
39
Q

how structure of cellulose leads to its funtion

A
  1. many hydrogen bonds provide collective strength
  2. insoluble - will not affect water potential
40
Q

glycogen

A
  • alpha glucose
  • 1,4 and 1,6 - glycosidic bonds
  • store of glucose
  • animal cells (muscle and liver)
  • highly branched molecule
41
Q

how structure of glycogen leads to its function

A
  1. branched structure increases surface are for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
  2. insoluble - will not affect water potential

BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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