Paper 1 Pt.1 Flashcards
What is the catchment area of Pickering Beck?
68 km^2
What river is Pickering Beck a tributary of?
River Derwent
What was the highest recorded water level of Pickering Beck and in what year?
2m in 2007
What causes the small lag time and flashy hydrograph in Pickering Beck’s catchment?
Overgrazing by farm animals and steep catchment area
What management strategies are used to slow runoff in Pickering Beck’s catchment?
Planting scrubs and other plants, and a plan to plant 50 hectares of riparian woodland
What is the significance of the Amazon rainforest regarding carbon absorption?
It contains 300 billion trees, making it the world’s biggest carbon sink
What are the main causes of deforestation in the Amazon?
Cattle ranching (80%) and high rates of deforestation (20,000 km^2/year from 2000-2007)
What percentage of Brazil’s emissions comes from deforestation?
Most emissions
What happens to most rainfall in the Amazon River basin?
It is intercepted and reevaporated back into the atmosphere
What impact does human activity have on the water cycle in the Amazon rainforest?
Fewer salts and organic fibers emitted, affecting cloud formation and reducing rainfall
What could future deforestation in the Amazon cause regarding rainfall?
A potential 20% decrease in rainfall
How does deforestation affect river discharge in the Amazon?
Overall reduction in river discharge and faster rates of runoff
What is the impact of forests on solar radiation and temperature compared to pasture land?
Forests absorb more solar radiation and have higher temperatures
What is the consequence of ‘slash and burn’ deforestation in terms of carbon?
Rain washes ash into the ground, increasing carbon in soil and rivers
What temperature rise could lead to the death of 20-40% of the Amazon within 100 years?
A 2°C rise
By what percentage did the rate of deforestation slow from 2000 to 2012?
75%
What campaign was proposed in 2008 to combat deforestation in the Amazon?
Zero deforestation campaign leading to the Amazon Fund
When did Hurricane Sandy make landfall in the USA?
29th October 2012
What was one of the primary effects of Hurricane Sandy?
Flooding
How many people were killed in the USA due to Hurricane Sandy?
111 people
What was the estimated damage cost of Hurricane Sandy?
$60 billion
What was one of the secondary effects of Hurricane Sandy?
Closure of New York businesses leading to $18 billion in losses
What immediate response did the Red Cross provide after Hurricane Sandy?
Sheltered 11,000 people and deployed 17 million meals
What long-term planning was initiated after Hurricane Sandy?
A law allowing $50 billion of federal money for repairs
What category storm was Typhoon Haiyan?
Category 5 super typhoon
How many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan?
6500 killed
What was a primary effect of Typhoon Haiyan?
Widespread flooding with 400 mm of rain
What short-term response involved the US aircraft carrier after Typhoon Haiyan?
Conducted a search and rescue mission and delivered aid
What program was set up as a long-term response to Typhoon Haiyan?
Cash for work programs
What geographical location does the Philippines occupy?
A group of 7000 islands in the South China Sea
What is the population of the Philippines?
98 million people
What types of hazards does the Philippines experience?
Geophysical and Hydro-meteorological hazards
What was the magnitude of the 1999 Luzon island earthquake?
7.8
How many deadly earthquakes occurred in the Philippines between 1900 and 2011?
22 deadly earthquakes
What was the largest recent volcanic eruption in the Philippines?
1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo
What was one of the outcomes of the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo?
Global atmospheric cooling
What significant disaster management initiative was published in the Philippines in 2018?
A comprehensive hazard risk management handbook
What is the main economic driver of Caracas, Venezuela?
Oil (50% GDP)
What disaster occurred in Caracas in 1999?
Tropical storms led to mudflow/landslides killing 10,000 people
What type of land is considered safest in Caracas?
Valley floor
What method is preferred for hazard management in Caracas due to financial restrictions?
Risk zoning
