Paper 1 Part 1: The challenge of natural Hazards Flashcards
What is the earth made of?
Inner core, Outer core, The mantle and The crust
What are the different types of plate margins and their resulting landforms?
constructive - ocean ridges
destructive - Volcanoes
conservative - Fault line
Why is volcanic activity found near plate margins?
- As the denser plate edge moves downward, the pressure and temperature surrounding it increases.
- This causes changes to the plate that melt the mantle above, and the melted rock rises through the plate, sometimes reaching its surface as part of a volcano
Why do people live near areas of volcanic activity?
- They’ve always lived there
- Cant afford to move
- Fertile soil attracts farmers
- tourist attractions
What is the impact of earthquakes on people and places?
- People may be killed or injured
- Homes may be destroyed
- Transport and communication links may be disrupted
- Water pipes may burst and water supplies may be contaminated.
Why do earthquakes occur near plate margins?
Earthquakes are caused by the tension that builds up at all three types of plate margins
How can the earthquake risk be reduced?
- Monitoring
- Prediction
- Protection
- Planning
Where do tropical storms develop?
- over warm water
- sea temp. over 27 degrees
- between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of equator
How might global warming affect tropical storms? and why?
- Distribution (average ocean temp rises so more of the worlds oceans could be above 27 degrees)
- Intensity (More evaporation and increased cloud formation, so more energy is released)
- Frequency (oceans stay at 27 degrees longer)
How can the effects of tropical storms be reduced?
- Prediction and monitoring
- Planning
- Protection
What extreme weather events effect the UK?
- Strong winds - Heavy rainfall
- snow and ice - Drought
- Thunderstorms - Heat waves
What are the effects of extreme weather?
- destruction -drought
- death - flooding
Evidence for the UKs weather becoming more extreme
- UK’s 10 warmest years occurred since 1990 and 2018 was hottest summer on record
- More rainfall records were broken between 2010 and 2014 that any decade on record
What is the evidence for climate change?
- Ice and sediment cores
- Tree rings
- Pollen analysis
- Temperature records
What are the natural causes of climate change?
- Orbital changes
- Volcanic activity
- solar output
What are the human causes of climate change?
- Burning fossil fuels
- Cement production
- Farming
- Deforestation
What are the effects of climate change?
- Warmer temps are causing glaciers to shrink and ice sheets to melt
- Rising sea levels mean low-lying and coastal areas will flood more regularly
- precipitation patterns are changing
How do we manage the effects of climate change?
- Changing agricultural systems
- Managing water supply
- Coping with rising sea levels
What is a natural hazard?
A natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions
What factors affect hazard risk?
- Vulnerability(High population density are more vulnerable)
- Nature of natural hazard(Type, frequency ad magnitude)
- capacity to cope (HICs have better capacity to cope)
Give 2 features of continental crust
- Thicker (30-50km) (than Oceanic (5-10km))
- Less dense
Name the plate margin where they move towards each other
Destructive
Features of the eye of a storm
- Low pressure belt
- Light winds
- No clouds
- High temp
Features of the eye wall
- Spiralling rising air
- Very strong winds
- Storm clouds
- Torrential rain
- Low temp
