paper 1 key studies Flashcards
mcgeoch and mcdonald- interference
effects of similarity
P- studied retroactive- changed amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials, ppts had to learn list of 10 words until could remeber with 100% accuracy then learnt new list
F- when recall original list performance depended on second list learnt- most similar material produced worst recall
loftus and palmer- leading Qs
A- investigate effects of leading Qs
P- 45 American students
opportunity sample
lab experiment w 5 conditions
independent groups
ppts watched a video of a car crash and had to estimate the speed car was going
each condition used a diff verb
hit, bumped, collided, smashed, contacted
F- smashed had highest estimates, contacted had slowest
C- leading qs do have an effect on EWT
loftus- anxiety of EWT
A- investigate effects of anxiety on accuracy of EWT
P- ppts asked to sit in waiting room believing they were waiting to begin the study
independent groups- 2 condition- low/high anxiety
high- ppts heard overturned furniture, arguing, smashed glass and then a man walked out with bloody hands holding a knife
low- heard convo about faulty equipment, man exited room with greasy hands holding a pen
asked to identify man from 50 Photos
F- low anxiety- 49% accurate recall
high anxiety- 33% accurate recall
C- high levels of anxiety decrease accuracy of EWT
asch- conformity
A- investigate extent social pressure from a majority group can affect a persons likeliness to conform
P- line judgement task
naive ppt in room with 7 confederates- all agreed a collective answer before hand
each ppt had to state out loud which comparison line was the most like the target line
done 18x, confed gave wrong answer 12x
F- 1/3 ppts conformed to wrong answer , 75% to wrong answer at least once
C- interviewed after, most said they conformed due to fear of being judged, some believed the group were better informed
conformity to social roles- zimbardo
Zimbardo
A- investigate the extent to which ppts would conform to social roles
P- mock prison, 24 male american students, volunteer sample, judged before hand to ensure mentally stable, paid $15 per day to ppt, due to last 2 weeks, randomly allocate to role of either prisoner or guard, prisoners- unexpectedly arrested and referred to by number not name, guards given uniform, mirrored sunglasses and baton, 8 hour shifts, prisoners in cells 23 hours a day
F- short time both conformed to social roles, guards adopted aggressive and assertive behaviours, prisoners became very submissive. study aborted after 6 days- prisoners suffered mental breakdowns
C- all ppts conformed to social roles and changed behaviours to what they believed was expected for their social role
milgram- obedience
A- investigate how far people would go to obey instruction if involved harming another person
P- ppt introduced to confed, drew straws to determine roles- teacher/learner- confed always learner, also an experimenter in lab coat, ppt observed confed being strapped into chair and attached to electrodes, teachers advised to administer shocks for incorrect answers/unanswered, shocks 15-450 volts, prods used to encourage
F- 2/3 ppts continued to highest level, all ppts continued to 300 volts
C- ordinary ppl likely to follow orders given by authority figure
adorno- authoritarian personaity
A- investigate causes of authoritarian personality
P- 2000 white men from organisations
used f scale
questions e.g. obedience and respect for the authority are the most important virtues children should learn
F- those who scored high on f scale were characterised as showing excessive respect and obedient to those of high status
C- ppl w authoriatrian personality have tendency to be especially obedient to authority
moscovicci- social change
A- investigate the process of innovation by looking at how consistent minority affect opinions of larger group
P- all female ppts, first given eye test to ensure not colour blind, placed in groups of 4 (2 confeds), shown 36 slides diff shades of blue, asked to state colour out loud, 1st condition- confeds consistent in answering green for slides, 2nd condition- inconsistent (green 24x and blue 12x)
F- inconsistent group 8.42% answered green, 32% in consistent group
C- suggested minorities can change opinion of majority if consistent
meltzoff and moore- interactional synchrony
A- investigate interactional synchrony
P- controlled observation, 4 diff stimuli (1 hand gesture, 3 facial expressions), babies responses observed, recorded and watched in real time, slowmo and frame by frame, noted any instance of protrusion, watched tapes twice
F- 12-27 days old could imitate both facial and manual gestures
C- interactional synchrony allowed interactions between infant and caregiver
van ijzednoorn and kroonenbrug- cultural variations
meta analysis to assess cultural variations and look at proportions attachment styles across range of countrys
P- used 32 studies of attachment using the strange situation.
conducted across 8 countries
compared and analysed
F- secure was the most common across all countries
individualist countries- 2nd most common= insecure avoidant
collectivist cultur- 2nd most common= insecure resistant
C- secure attachments are norm in all countries- supports that attachments are innate
BUT different child rearing practices do influence attachment type
schaeffer and emerson- stages of attachment
A- development of attachments
P- longitudinalstudy, 60 glaswegian babies, monthly intervals until 1, then again at 18 months, stduied in home, carers interviewed and infant-caregiver interactions observed- looking for seperation and stranger anxiety
F- 25-32 weeks 50% babies had seperation anxiety, 40 weeks- 80% babies had specific attachment and 30% had multiple
C- attachments most likely to form w those who responded accurately to the babies signals
harlow- rehus monkeys
- Aim = to investigate the behaviour of infant
monkeys separated from their mother at birth
to assess the effects of separation on later
behaviour
- Procedure
- Two types of surrogate mothers were
constructed – a harsh wire mother and a
soft towelling mother
- 16 rhesus monkeys were reared with the
two-wire model ‘mothers’
- The amount of time that the baby
monkeys spent with each mother was
recorded
- Findings = the baby monkeys preferred to
make contact with the ‘soft towelling mother’
and the monkeys would even stretch across to
the ‘wire mother’ for food whilst still clinging
onto the towelling mother
- Conclusion = baby rhesus monkeys have an
innate drive to seek contact comfort suggesting
that attachment with parents is formed
through an emotional need for security
lorenz- goslings
Aim = to investigate the mechanisms of
imprinting where the youngsters follow and
form an attachment to the first large moving
object they meet
- Procedure
- Lorenz (1935) split a large clutch of goose
eggs into 2 batches. One batch hatched
naturally with the mother, the other batch
hatched in an incubator with Lorenz
making sure that he was the first moving
object the goslings encountered
- The gosling’s behaviour was recorded
- He marked the goslings so he knew which
batch they came from
- He placed all the goslings under an
upturned box. The box was then removed
and the gosling’s behaviour was recorded
- Findings
- The naturally hatched goslings followed
their mother whilst the incubator hatched
goslings went straight to Lorenz
- These bonds proved to be irreversible
(imprinting)
- Lorenz noticed how the process of
imprinting occurred only a short period of
time after birth (4-25hrs)
- Conclusion: imprinting is a form of attachment
and one imprinting has occurred, it cannot be
reversed
ainsworth strange situation- attachment types
Aim = to assess the quality of attachment
between the infant and the mother
Procedure
Involves the child experiencing 8 episodes
1. Parent & infant play
2. Parent sits while infant plays (use of
parent as secure base)
3. Stranger enters & talks to parent
(stranger anxiety)
4. Parent leaves, infant plays, stranger
offers comfort if needed (separation
anxiety)
5. Parent returns, greets infant, offers
comfort, stranger leaves (reunion
behaviour)
6. Parent leaves, infant alone (separation
anxiety)
7. Stranger enters and offers comfort
(stranger anxiety)
8. Parent returns, greets infant, offers
comfort (reunion behaviour)
Findings = most common type of attachment
is secure attachment
▪ Secure = 66%
▪ Insecure-avoidant = 22%
▪ Insecure-resistant = 12%
Conclusion:
2 reasons for behaviour
1) depends on behaviour mother shows infant
2) depends on temperament of child
rutter- romanian orphans- institutionalisation
a_ see the extent to which good care could make up for experiences in institutions
P- 3 groups of children to compare- adopted before 6 months (romanian children)
adopted between 6 months-2 years (romanian) and adopted before 6 months (british)
F- due to the fact institutions involve children having more than 1 carer, its nearly impossible for them to form a secure relationship with 1 caregiver
disinhibited attachment style- children overfirendly and behave indiscriminately between people they know and dont know- attention seeking and clingy
C- instituional care may have some long term effects, children exposed to privation are more likely to make a full recovery if adopted into caring environment at early age
effects- brains of romanian orphans 8.6% smaller, the longer spent in institutions- the smaller the total brain volume, low iq and symptoms of ADHD
